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A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression
Abstract
A profile of neuropsychological deficits of clinically depressed (major depression) but otherwise unimpaired individuals is presented, based on a meta-analysis of all studies published since 1975 and meeting stringent methodological and sample selection criteria. Deficits are discussed separately for different cognitive areas in terms of mean size of deficit, variability between studies, variability of individual scores in depressed populations relative to that of controls, and expected proportion of depressed individuals scoring two standard deviations or more below the mean of controls. The neuropsychological deficits of individuals with major depression are shown to be consistent with a global-diffuse impairment of brain functions with particular involvement of the frontal lobes. Recent neuro-imaging studies also indicating frontal dysfunction in clinical (functional) depression are referred to. Both the severity and the profile of cognitive deficiencies in depression are postulated to be similar to those seen in moderately severe traumatic brain injury.
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“The impairments most commonly associated with MDD are in the domains of executive function, selective attention, and verbal learning [1, 3].”
In the citing paper
“Cognitive deficits are commonly reported by patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) [1, 2]”
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Testing the cognitive effort hypothesis of cognitive impairment in major depression
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Neurocognition in first‐degree healthy relatives (siblings) of bipolar affective disorder patients
Trivedi, J. K., Goel, D., Dhyani, M., Sharma, S., Singh, A. P., Sinha, P. K., & Tandon, R. (2008) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01754.x · Cited by 47
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Rozenthal, M., Laks, J., & Engelhardt, E. (2004) · Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul · doi:10.1590/s0101-81082004000200010 · Cited by 43
Does depression matter in neuropsychological performances in anorexia nervosa? A descriptive review
Daga, G. A., Buzzichelli, S., Marzola, E., Aloi, M., Amianto, F., & Fassino, S. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22399 · Cited by 45
“The following inclusion criteria were adopted: (1) articles published between 1990 and 2014; (2) studies focusing on currently ill adults with AN; (3) works on cognitive flexibility, decision-making, and central coherence; (4) original research articles; (5) English language; (6) HC as a comparison group; (7) use of t…”
Source memory and frontal functioning in Parkinson’s disease
Drag, L. L., Bieliauskas, L. A., Kaszniak, A. W., Bohnen, N. I., & Glisky, E. L. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090572 · Cited by 44
The Role of Executive Functioning in Adolescent Rumination and Depression
Dickson, K. S., Ciesla, J. A., & Zelic, K. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9802-0 · Cited by 54
Interviewing cognitively impaired older adults: How useful is a Cognitive Interview?
Wright, A. M., & Holliday, R. E. (2006) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210601047351 · Cited by 44
“Schizophrenia (Harvey et al., 2002), depression (Veiel, 1997), physical illness (Barbe et al., 2002), and some medications (e.g., psychotropic drugs; Schaeufele, Bickel, & Weyerer, 2002) have also been implicated.”
BackgroundGallagher, P., Reid, K. S., & Ferrier, I. N. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.018 · Cited by 44
Bangasser, D. A., & Kawasumi, Y. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.003 · Cited by 46
Neurocognitive functioning in bipolar depression: a component structure analysis
Gallagher, P., Gray, J. M., Watson, S., Young, A. H., & Ferrier, I. N. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001487 · Cited by 45
“…domains (Elliott, 1998), including attention (Lemelin et al. 1996; MacQueen et al. 2000; Cohen et al. 2001), executive functioning (Goodwin, 1997; Veiel, 1997; Fossati et al. 1999; Moritz et al. 2002; Porter et al. 2003), verbal and visuospatial memory (Austin et al. 1999; Porter et al. 2003;…”
Alzheimer’s disease, but not ageing or depression, affects dual-tasking
Kaschel, R., Logie, R. H., Kazén, M., & Sala, S. D. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5210-7 · Cited by 43
Clinical investigation of set-shifting subtypes in anorexia nervosa
Daga, G. A., Buzzichelli, S., Marzola, E., Amianto, F., & Fassino, S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.024 · Cited by 45
“Additionally, depressed patients are likely to report marked alterations of set-shifting abilities (Veiel, 1997; Austin et al., 2001; Godard et al., 2011).”
WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease
Keilp, J. G., Corbera, K., SLAVOV, I., Taylor, M. J., Sackeïm, H. A., & Fallon, B. A. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706060231 · Cited by 42
“Deficits in processing speed and memory found in Lyme patients are nonetheless similar to those typically found in participants with major depression ( Veiel , 1997 ; Zakzanis et al .”
ResultWorking memory in pregnant women: Relation to estrogen and antepartum depression
Hampson, E., Phillips, S.-D., Duff-Canning, S. J., Evans, K., Merrill, M., Pinsonneault, J. K., Sadée, W., Soares, C. N., & Steiner, M. S. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.006 · Cited by 42
“Cognitive changes are well known to occur in major depressive disorder outside the pregnancy context (Veiel, 1997), and memory has been a prominent focus of investigation in patients who are clinically depressed (Landrø et al.”
BackgroundCognitive Performance in Multiple Trauma Patients 3 Years After Injury
Finset, A., Anke, A., Hofft, E., Roaldsen, K. S., Pillgram-Larsen, J., & Stanghelle, J. K. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199907000-00024 · Cited by 41
Zihl, J., Reppermund, S., Thüm, S., & Unger, K. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.12.002 · Cited by 44
Rampacher, F., Lennertz, L., Vogeley, A., Schulze‐Rauschenbach, S., Kathmann, N., Falkai, P., & Wagner, M. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.008 · Cited by 42
“This also corresponds to the fact that patients with unipolar depressive symptoms display cognitive deficits similar to those of OCD patients compared to healthy controls (Castaneda et al., 2008; Veiel, 1997).”
ResultChronic treatment with modafinil may not be beneficial in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Randall, D. C., Cafferty, F. H., Shneerson, J. M., Smith, I. E., Llewelyn, M. B., & File, S. E. (2005) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881105056531 · Cited by 41
Schuhmacher, A., Lennertz, L., Wagner, M., Höfels, S., Pfeiffer, U., Guttenthaler, V., Maier, W., Zobel, A. W., & Mößner, R. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145712000223 · Cited by 40
Higginson, C. I., Lanni, K. E., Sigvardt, K. A., & Disbrow, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.798397 · Cited by 42
“Because level of depression has been related to IADLs in PD and has been related to TMT performance (Austin, Mitchell, & Goodwin, 2001; Veiel, 1997), the role of depressive symptoms in the prediction of IADLs was also evaluated.”
BackgroundNijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19979 · Cited by 42
“Major depression in itself is also associated with several neurocognitive deficits, which are most pronounced in mental flexibility, control, and effortful processing (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundResultMcAllister-Williams, H., & Rugg, M. D. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0938-5 · Cited by 39
“Depressed patients show deficits on neuropsychological tests including those connected with learning, memory and executive function (Elliott et al. 1996; Christensen et al. 1997; Goodwin 1997; Veiel 1997; Elliott 1998).”
BackgroundFals-Stewart, W. S., & Bates, M. E. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.34 · Cited by 40
The Neurocognition Deployment Health Study: A Prospective Cohort Study of Army Soldiers
Vasterling, J. J., Proctor, S. P., Amoroso, P. J., Kane, R., Gackstetter, G. D., Ryan, M. A. K., & Friedman, M. J. (2006) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.171.3.253 · Cited by 39
Relationship of Demographic and Health Factors to Cognition in Older Adults in the ACTIVE Study
Rexroth, D., Tennstedt, S. L., Jones, R. N., Guey, L. T., Rebok, G. W., Marsiske, M., Xu, Y., & Unverzagt, F. W. (2013) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264313498415 · Cited by 43
“Two meta-analyses of the relationship between depression and memory functions (Burt, Zembar, & Niederehe, 1995; Veiel, 1997) reported some support for this relationship.”
BackgroundCognitive Impairments in Unipolar Depression: The Impact of Rumination
Schwert, C., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Schröder, A. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000478785 · Cited by 42
Cognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders in ADHD: A systematic review
Mayer, J. S., Bernhard, A., Fann, N., Boxhoorn, S., Hartman, C. A., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.018 · Cited by 48
Attention and the Stages of Pain Processing
Wade, J. B., & Hart, R. P. (2002) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2002.02008.x · Cited by 38
Vourvopoulos, A., Faria, A. L., Ponnam, K., & Badia, S. B. I. (2014) · International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE) · doi:10.1145/2663806.2663852 · Cited by 37
“Indeed, the cognitive impairment of individuals with depression has been shown to be consistent with a global-diffuse impairment of brain functions [28].”
BackgroundIncreased miR-132 level is associated with visual memory dysfunction in patients with depression
Liu, Y., Yang, X. Y., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Li, T., & Ma, X. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s116287 · Cited by 38
“A number of investigations have indicated that only some depressed individuals have memory dysfunction, but these studies still cannot clearly identify who those individuals are.(48,49) However, another study suggested that anxious individuals perform less well than non-anxious individuals on Table 3 comparison of the…”
Cognitive Impairment Along the Course of Depression: Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options
Listunova, L., Roth, C., Bartolovic, M., Kienzle, J., Bach, C., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000492620 · Cited by 38
Sustained Cognitive Impairments After Clinical Recovery of Severe Depression
Boeker, H., Schulze, J. B., Richter, A., Nikisch, G., Schuepbach, D., & Grimm, S. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318266ba14 · Cited by 37
“Deficits in learning and memory have been repeatedly reported in acutely ill patients (Porter et al., 2007; Purcell et al., 1997; Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al., 1998), whereas improved function after clinical recovery might suggest that these impairments represent a depression-related state effect…”
BackgroundInfluentialIndividual differences in latent neuropsychological abilities at addictions treatment entry.
Bates, M. E., Labouvie, E. W., & Voelbel, G. T. (2002) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.16.1.35 · Cited by 36
The Co-evolution of Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Neurosurgery
Dyster, T. G., Mikell, C. B., & Sheth, S. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00068 · Cited by 36
“Neuroimaging now plays a central and ever-expanding role in the neurosurgical management of psychiatric disorders, by influencing the determination of surgical candidates, allowing individualized surgical targeting and planning, and identifying network-level changes in the brain following surgery.”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Issues in the Assessment of Refugees and Victims of Mass Violence
Weinstein, C. S., Fucetola, R. P., & Mollica, R. F. (2001) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1016650623996 · Cited by 35
“Although research (Veiel, 1997) indicates little or no difference in attention and concentration when controls are compared to depressed subjects, there is support for global-diffuse impairment of brain functions, with particular involvement of the frontal lobe.”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Deficit Profiles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Skeel, R. L., Johnstone, B., Yangco, D. T., Walker, S. E., & Komatireddy, G. R. (2000) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an0702_5 · Cited by 35
“In addition to CNS dysfunction and psychiatric disorders associated with SLE, patients with SLE must also cope with distress associated with chronic illness (Denburg, Carbotte, & Denburg, 1997), and distress has been implicated as a factor in neuropsychological dysfunction (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundRizk, M., Rubin‐Falcone, H., Keilp, J. G., Miller, J. M., Sublette, M. E., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., Kamal, A. M., Abdelhameed, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.066 · Cited by 34
“…al. (2006) and Kikuchi et al. (2012) who reported comparable Stroop task performance during fMRI in depressed and control groups, as well as with an early meta-analysis (Veiel, 1997) suggesting that only 50% Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological characteristics of MDD and HV groups.”
Kangas, E. S., Vuoriainen, E., Lindeman, S. M., & Astikainen, P. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.07.003 · Cited by 33
Listunova, L., Kienzle, J., Bartolovic, M., Jaehn, A., Grützner, T. M., Wolf, R. C., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.008 · Cited by 36
Neural responses to incongruency in a blocked-trial Stroop fMRI task in major depressive disorder
Kikuchi, T., Miller, J. M., Schneck, N., Oquendo, M. A., Mann, J. J., Parsey, R. V., & Keilp, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.016 · Cited by 33
“Studies of neuropsychological function in major depressive disorder (MDD) have identified an array of cognitive disturbances associated with this illness, including impairments of attention, working memory and executive function (Murrough et al., 2011; Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al., 1998).”
BackgroundCognitive Control Functions in Unipolar Major Depression with and without Co-Morbid Anxiety Disorder
Lyche, P., Jonassen, R., Stiles, T. C., Ulleberg, P., & Landrø, N. I. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00149 · Cited by 37
“…are a relevant aspect of the neuropsychological profile in depression (Egeland et al., 2005), associated cognitive dysfunctions cover a broad range (Burt et al., 1995; Christensen et al., 1997; Kindermann and Brown, 1997; Veiel, 1997; Austin et al., 2001; Landrø et al., 2001; Porter et al., 2007).”
InfluentialAcute versus chronic functional aspects of unilateral spatial neglect
Mark, V. W. (2003) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/973 · Cited by 33
Geriatric depression and its relation with cognitive impairment and dementia
Dillon, C., Tartaglini, M. F., Stefani, D., Salgado, P., Taragano, F. E., & Allegri, R. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.006 · Cited by 32
Larsen, I. U., Vinther‐Jensen, T., Gade, A., Nielsen, J. E., & Vogel, A. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000090 · Cited by 38
“Depression has been shown to influence performance on neuropsychological tests (Porter, Bourke, & Gallagher, 2007; Veiel, 1997) and depression is common in HD (Roos, 2010).”
BackgroundGharaeipour, M., & Scott, B. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.018 · Cited by 32
Durazzo, T. C., ROTHLIND, J. C., Gazdzinski, S. P., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2008) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.06.001 · Cited by 31
“, 2003), psychiatric (Benes, 2000; Campbell & MacQueen, 2006; Costa et al., 2000; Glahn et al., 2007; Kanner, 2004; Kramer-Ginsberg et al., 1999; Veiel, 1997; Yildiz-Yesiloglu & Ankerst, 2006), and substanceuse (Davis et al.”
Parkinsonian Motor Characteristics in Unipolar Major Depression
Rogers, M. A., Bradshaw, J. L., Phillips, J. G., Chiu, E., Vaddadi, K. S., Presnell, I., & Mileshkin, C. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200004)22:2;1-1;ft232 · Cited by 32
“Although categorized as a disorder of mood, unipolar major depression is also associated with both cognitive (Veiel, 1997) and motor”
BackgroundTadić, A., Wagner, S., Gorbulev, S., Dahmen, N., Hiemke, C., Braus, D. F., & Lieb, K. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-16 · Cited by 33
“With respect to cognitive domains, impairment has been reported for executive functioning in particular [32], whereas less significant deficits have been found for psychomotor speed [33], attention [34] and memory [35].”
BackgroundGeneral psychopathology is more important for executive functioning than diagnosis
Stordal, K. I., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A. E., Egeland, J., Landrø, N. I., Roness, A., Rund, B. R., Sundet, K. S., Lundervold, A. J., & Lund, A. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00389.x · Cited by 31
Kurita, S., Takei, Y., Maki, Y., Hattori, S., Uehara, T., Fukuda, M., & Mikuni, M. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12361 · Cited by 30
Memory dysfunction in panic disorder: an investigation of the role of chronic benzodiazepine use
Deckersbach, T., Moshier, S. J., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., & Otto, M. W. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20891 · Cited by 30
Taube‐Schiff, M., Chaparro, M. P., Gougeon, L., Shakory, S., Weiland, M., Warwick, K., Plummer, C., & Sockalingam, S. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1846-9 · Cited by 30
“with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms experience difficulty with aspects of memory and recall (for a review of this literature, see [16, 17]).”
BackgroundBeblo, T., Mensebach, C., Wingenfeld, K., Schlosser, N., Rullkoetter, N., Schaffrath, C., & Drießen, M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.012 · Cited by 30
“Inmetaanalyses, moderate deficits with no more than one standard deviation below the means of healthy control subjects were reported — specifically in the areas of executive functions, memory and attention (Christensen et al., 1997; Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundExekutive Funktionen bei depressiven Patienten
Vasić, N., Wolf, R. C., & Walter, H. (2007) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2240-6 · Cited by 28
Effects of noradrenergic stimulation on memory in patients with major depressive disorder
Wingenfeld, K., Kuffel, A., Uhlmann, C., Terfehr, K., Schreiner, J., Kuehl, L. K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., & Spitzer, C. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.708951 · Cited by 30
Hunt, S., Baker, A., Michie, P. T., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.036 · Cited by 28
Bergfeld, I. O., Mantione, M. H. M., Hoogendoorn, M. L. C., Ruhé, H. G., Horst, F., Notten, P., van Laarhoven, J., van den Munckhof, P., Beute, G. N., Schuurman, P. R., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000113 · Cited by 29
“Impairment of TRD patients compared with HCs in a wide range of cognitive domains is in line with meta-analyses of cognitive functioning of depressed patients (Veiel, 1997; Rock et al. 2014).”
ResultPulliainen, V., Kuikka, P., & Kalska, H. (2000) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00183.x · Cited by 28
Evidence of Subjective, But Not Objective, Cognitive Deficit in New Mothers at 1-Year Postpartum
Orchard, E. R., Ward, P. G. D., Egan, G. F., & Jamadar, S. D. (2022) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0441 · Cited by 27
“55 Studies also vary in the time postpartum that mothers are tested, varying from a few days 9 to 2 years after birth.”
Neuropsychological function in unmedicated recurrent brief depression
Andersson, S., Lövdahl, H., & Malt, U. F. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.023 · Cited by 29
Depression and suicide are natural kinds: Implications for physician-assisted suicide
Tsou, J. Y. (2013) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.013 · Cited by 27
“…on tasks of executive functioning , i.e., tasks related to problem solving, planning, and the initiation of behaviors (Austin et al., 1992; Degl’Innocenti, Ågren, & Backman 1998; Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Goodwin, 1997; Martin, Oren, & Boone, 1991; Powell & Miklowitz, 1994; Veiel, 1997).”
Terfehr, K., Wolf, O. T., Schlosser, N., Fernando, S. C., Otte, C., Muhtz, C., Beblo, T., Drießen, M., Spitzer, C., Löwe, B., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06240 · Cited by 27
Photoperiod is associated with hippocampal volume in a large community sample
Miller, M. A., Leckie, R. L., Donofry, S. D., Gianaros, P. J., Erickson, K. I., Manuck, S. B., & Roecklein, K. A. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22390 · Cited by 26
“Further, spatial learning performance, which is decreased in humans who are nonseasonally depressed (Veiel, 1997) and seasonally depressed (O’Brien et al., 1993), is also impaired in animals exposed to short photoperiod lengths (Pyter et al., 2005; Workman et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDual Tasking for the Differentiation between Depression and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Metzger, F. G., Hobert, M. A., Ehlis, A., Hasmann, S. E., Hahn, T., Eschweiler, G. W., Berg, D., Fallgatter, A. J., Maetzler, W., & the TREND Study team (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00235 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, executive function is impaired in patients with depression (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundFrontal brain asymmetry in depression with comorbid anxiety: A neuropsychological investigation.
Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Altman, S. E., Campbell, M. L., & Shankman, S. A. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027587 · Cited by 28
“Second, the literature on executive functioning deficits in depression is relatively mixed (Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Christensen, Griffiths, MacKinnon, & Jacomb, 1997; Sweeney, Kmiec, & Kupfer, 2000; Veiel, 1997), and several factors have been shown to moderate this relationship.”
Alzheimer's Disease and Depression: Preclinical Comorbidity Effects on Cognitive Functioning
BERGER, A., Fratiglioni, L., Winblad, B. G., & Bäckman, L. (2005) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70200-4 · Cited by 26
“…with cognitive deficits in normal aging (Burt et al., 1995; Kaszniak and Christenson, 1997; Kindermann and Brown, 1997; King et al., 1991; Veiel, 1997), although most research has failed to document effects of D on cognitive functioning in AD (Bäckman et al., 1996a; Berger et al., 2002;…”
ResultExecutive Functions, Depressive Symptoms, and College Adjustment in Women
Wingo, J., Kalkut, E., Tuminello, E., Asconape, J., & Han, S. D. (2013) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/09084282.2012.670154 · Cited by 25
“Greater deficits are also often found on tasks involving the frontal lobes (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundDoes overgeneral autobiographical memory result from poor memory for task instructions?
Yanes-Lukin, P. K., Roberts, J. E., & Carlos, E. L. (2008) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210802135351 · Cited by 25
“An accumulation of research has demonstrated that these operations are impaired in depressed individuals (for meta-analytic reviews, see Henry & Crawford, 2005 ; Veiel, 1997 ; Zakzanis, Leach, & Kaplan, 1998 ), possibly as the result of reduced cognitive initiative (Hertel, 2000 ).”
BackgroundImpaired pitch identification as a potential marker for depression
Schwenzer, M., Zattarin, E., Grözinger, M., & Mathiak, K. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-32 · Cited by 25
“[6]), choice reaction time remains a controversial issue: neither the”
The Role of Depression in Verbal Memory Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Keiski, M. A., Shore, D. L., & Hamilton, J. M. (2006) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040600775346 · Cited by 25
“Both TBI and depression have been associated with cognitive compromise including memory deficits, with some authors specifically noting the similarity between neuropsychological profiles characteristic of depression and moderately severe TBI (Veiel, 1997 ).”
BackgroundEmotional working memory in patients with major depressive disorder
Li, M., Feng, L., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Fu, B., Wang, G., Lu, S., Zhong, N., & Hu, B. (2018) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060518758225 · Cited by 25
Fishman, K. N., Ashbaugh, A. R., Lanctôt, K. L., Cayley, M. L., Herrmann, N., Murray, B. J., Sicard, M. N., Lien, K. R., Sahlas, D. J., & Swartz, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1371282 · Cited by 26
“As individuals with depression have been found to be impaired on tests of verbal fluency, it is important to control for the influence of depressive symptoms (e.g., sad mood, appetite/sleep disturbance) before examining the role of apathy (for a review, see Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundGiollabhui, N. M., Alloy, L. B., & Hartman, C. A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.030 · Cited by 24
Functional MRI Correlates of Stroop N-Back Test Underpin the Diagnosis of Major Depression
Simeonova, D., Paunova, R., Stoyanova, K., Todeva-Radneva, A., Kandilarova, S., & Stoyanov, D. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2104113 · Cited by 24
“relevant deficits on tasks such as the Stroop task [14].”
MethodTorrens, L., Burns, E., Stone, J., Graham, C., Wright, H., Summers, D. M., Sellar, R., Porteous, M. E., Warner, J. P., & Zeman, A. Z. (2007) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00904.x · Cited by 24
“Impairment of executive function caused by depression is normally accompanied by reduction in processing speed and working memory (27, 28) and this was not evident in our sample.”
BackgroundChen, S., Zhou, R., Hong, C., & Chen, X. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.015 · Cited by 26
“Depression is associated with mild-to-moderate impairment in several cognitive domains, including attention, memory and executive functioning (Beats et al., 1996; Elliott et al., 1996; Purcell et al., 1997; Veiel, 1997; Den Hartog et al., 2003; Hammar et al., 2003).”
BackgroundQuality assessment of meta-analyses of RCTs of pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder.
Hemels, M. E. H., Vicente, C., Sadri, H., Masson, M. J., & Einarson, T. R. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079904125003197 · Cited by 23
Pre-operative history of depression and cognitive changes in bariatric surgery patients
Alosco, M. L., Spitznagel, M. B., Strain, G. W., Devlin, M. J., Cohen, R. A., Crosby, R. D., Mitchell, J. E., & Gunstad, J. (2014) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.959531 · Cited by 23
“Depression is also well known to influence cognitive outcomes (Papazacharias & Nardini, 2012) characterized by deficits in frontal lobe-mediated mental abilities (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundCognitive Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder Revealed by Event-Related Potential N270
Mao, W., Wang, Y., & Wang, D. (2005) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005940503600104 · Cited by 23
Musculoskeletal pain complaints and performance on cognitive tasks over the adult life span
Söderfjell, S., Molander, B., Johansson, H., Barnekow‐Bergkvist, M., & Nilsson, L. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00540.x · Cited by 23
Stordal, K. I., Lundervold, A. J., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A. E., Biringer, E., Egeland, J., Hammar, Å., Landrø, N. I., Roness, A., Rund, B. R., et al. (2005) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970510029894 · Cited by 23
“Some studies have indicated that major depressed patients perform at the same level as controls on cognitive tests (Grant et al. 2001), whereas other studies have compared their performance to that of patients with traumatic braindamage (Veiel 1997).”
ResultHu, Y., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Dong, Z., Qiu, P., Yang, S., Xu, H., Kuang, W., & Gong, Q. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.048 · Cited by 23
Zhou, M. (2013) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9300-y · Cited by 25
“Negative emotions are associated with reduced accuracy on tasks that tap memory, intelligence, and executive functioning (Austin et al. 2001; Hartlage et al. 1993; Veiel 1997) by directing attention and biasing cognitive processing in a negative way.”
BackgroundLubitz, A. F., Eid, M., & Niedeggen, M. (2018) · Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2016.1267325 · Cited by 21
“This is in line with findings about deficits in attention and executive functions in patients with depressive disorder (Veiel, 1997).”
ResultDevlin, K. N., & Giovannetti, T. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-017-9348-2 · Cited by 22
Watters, A. J., Carpenter, J. S., Harris, A. W. F., Korgaonkar, M. S., & Williams, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.078 · Cited by 22
Heinzel, A., Northoff, G., Boeker, H., Boesiger, P., & Grimm, S. (2010) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00494.x · Cited by 24
“Several authors suggested that impaired cognitive flexibility might be the most specific neuropsychological deficit in MDD (22,23,47,48).”
BackgroundDalby, R. B., Frandsen, J. R., Chakravarty, M. M., Ahdidan, J., Sørensen, L., Rosenberg, R., Østergaard, L., & Videbech, P. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.12.009 · Cited by 23
“, 2002), although controversies exist (Veiel, 1997).”
Warren, C. V., Maraver, M. J., Luca, A. D., & Kopp, B. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060404 · Cited by 20
“Both depression and schizophrenia have shown impaired attentional processes [84,85].”
BackgroundHall, J., O’Carroll, R. E., & Frith, C. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3137-3.00007-3 · Cited by 23
Evaluation of the benefits of exercise on cognition in major depressive disorder
Greer, T. L., Furman, J. L., & Trivedi, M. H. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.002 · Cited by 21
Jeon, H. J., Woo, J., Lee, S.-H., Kim, E.-J., Chung, S., Ha, J. H., D, M. F. M., Mischoulon, D., Kim, J., Heo, J.-Y., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000072 · Cited by 21
Systematic review of neurocognition in people with co-occurring alcohol misuse and depression
Hunt, S. A., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., & Michie, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.024 · Cited by 22
Gamified Cognitive Control Training for Remitted Depressed Individuals: User Requirements Analysis
Vervaeke, J., LOOY, J. V., Hoorelbeke, K., Baeken, C., & Koster, E. H. W. (2018) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.8609 · Cited by 20
“In this context, research suggests that impairments in cognitive control (eg, [7-9]), which refer to difficulties in executive processes such as shifting, inhibition, and updating of information in working memory [10], place one at an increased risk for recurrence of depressive episodes (eg,…”
BackgroundNeural systems underlying affective disorders
Surguladze, S., Keedwell, P. A., & Phillips, M. L. (2003) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.9.6.446 · Cited by 20
“However, some researchers have questioned whether these deficits are discrete, suggesting that they are part of a more generalised, diffused impairment (for a review see Veiel, 1997), implicating frontal executive, attentional and memory systems.”
BackgroundBaba, K., Baba, H., Noguchí, I., Arai, R., Suzuki, T., Mimura, M., & Arai, H. (2010) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2010.22.1.70 · Cited by 19
Ross, S. R., Putnam, S. H., & Adams, K. M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390590929270 · Cited by 19
“From a post-hoc perspective, core symptoms of depression include lethargy, loss of interest in daily activities, fatigue, and psychomotor retardation likely contributed to poorer performance on NP tests (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundAudiovisual emotional processing and neurocognitive functioning in patients with depression
nefeld, S. D.-G. ⁄., Eickhoff, S. B., & Mueller, V. I. (2015) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2015.00003 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Veiel, H. O. F.
- Corresponding author
- Veiel, Hans O.F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 587-603
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2071401336
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive impairment, frontal lobe dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain Injuries, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Speech, Verbal Learning, Neurobehavioral Manifestations
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