Cited by 504Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression

Veiel, Hans O.F.·1997·Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1080/01688639708403745

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Abstract

A profile of neuropsychological deficits of clinically depressed (major depression) but otherwise unimpaired individuals is presented, based on a meta-analysis of all studies published since 1975 and meeting stringent methodological and sample selection criteria. Deficits are discussed separately for different cognitive areas in terms of mean size of deficit, variability between studies, variability of individual scores in depressed populations relative to that of controls, and expected proportion of depressed individuals scoring two standard deviations or more below the mean of controls. The neuropsychological deficits of individuals with major depression are shown to be consistent with a global-diffuse impairment of brain functions with particular involvement of the frontal lobes. Recent neuro-imaging studies also indicating frontal dysfunction in clinical (functional) depression are referred to. Both the severity and the profile of cognitive deficiencies in depression are postulated to be similar to those seen in moderately severe traumatic brain injury.

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“Inameta-analysis,Veiel(1997) foundthelargestdifferencesbetweendepressedpatientsand healthycontrolsonsetshiftingandinhibitiontasks.”
Is impaired set-shifting a feature of “pure” anorexia nervosa? Investigating the role of depression in set-shifting ability in anorexia nervosa and unipolar depression
Giel, K. E., Wittorf, A., Wolkenstein, L., Klingberg, S., Drimmer, E., Schönenberg, M., Rapp, A. M., Fallgatter, A. J., Hautzinger, M., & Zipfel, S. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.004 · Cited by 68
“E-mail address: katrin.giel@med.uni-tuebingen.de (K.E. Giel). set-shifting ability is impaired in patients suffering from depression (Veiel, 1997; Austin et al., 2001) and also other affective disorders (Godard et al., 2011; Solé et al., 2011).”
Background
Does Duloxetine Improve Cognitive Function Independently of Its Antidepressant Effect in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Subjective Reports of Cognitive Dysfunction?
Greer, T. L., Sunderajan, P., Grannemann, B. D., Kurian, B. T., & Trivedi, M. H. (2014) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/627863 · Cited by 63
“The impairments most commonly associated with MDD are in the domains of executive function, selective attention, and verbal learning [1, 3].”
Background
Validation of a German version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E)
Metternich, B., Wagner, K., Buschmann, F., Anger, R., & Schulze‐Bonhage, A. (2012) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.10.004 · Cited by 63
“Moreover, depressive symptoms can be a confounding factor in neuropsychological testing [15].”
Background
Cognitive performance in depressed patients after chronic use of antidepressants
Gorenstein, C., de Carvalho, S. C., Artes, R., Moreno, R. A., & Marcourakis, T. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0274-2 · Cited by 64
“Complaints concerning memory deficits and performance impairment in cognitive tasks are relatively common in patients with major depressive disorder (Burt et al. 1995; Veiel 1997; Elliott 1998).”
Background
Cognitive functioning in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the role of depression, anxiety, and fatigue
Short, K., McCabe, M. P., & Tooley, G. A. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00290-8 · Cited by 63
“Although depression has been reported to affect cognitive performance in other populations [45], this relationship does not appear to occur among people with CFS.”
Background
Stroop performance in major depression: Selective attention impairment or psychomotor slowness?
Kertzman, S., Reznik, I., Hornik-Lurie, T., Weizman, A., Kotler, M., & Amital, D. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.009 · Cited by 62
Childhood adversity and cognitive functioning in patients with major depression
Dannehl, K., Rief, W., & Euteneuer, F. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.013 · Cited by 62
“Although many meta-analyses have confirmed the association between depression and different kinds of cognitive impairment (Burt, Zembar, & Niederehe, 1995; Hammar & Ardal, 2009; Lee et al., 2012; Veiel, 1997), not all patients with MD show cognitive deficits (Porter, Bourke, & Gallagher, 2007).”
Background
Reduced prefrontal cortex activation during the working memory task associated with poor social functioning in late-onset depression: Multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study
Pu, S., Yamada, T., Yokoyama, K., Matsumura, H., Mitani, H., Adachi, A., Kaneko, K., & Nakagome, K. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.007 · Cited by 64
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by marked deterioration in affect aswell as significant impairment in cognitive function (Veiel, 1997; Austin et al., 1999), especially for older patients (Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al., 1998).”
Background
Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: A test–retest study using the Stroop paradigm
HAMMAR, Å., SØRENSEN, L., Årdal, G., Oedegaard, K. J., Kroken, R. A., Roness, A., & Lund, A. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00765.x · Cited by 67
The Association between Depressive Mood and Cognitive Performance in an Elderly General Population – The MEMO Study
Baune, B. T., Suslow, T., Engelien, A., Arolt, V., & Berger, K. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000093745 · Cited by 61
“These deficits relate to several aspects of cognitive function such as visuospatial functions, attention/concentration, memory and executive functions [”
Background
Integrative deficits in depression and in negative mood states as a result of fronto-parietal network dysfunctions
Brzezicka, A. (2013) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2013-1939 · Cited by 60
“These cognitive deficits are especially apparent within executive functions, which are critical for flexible problem solving, action monitoring, and adaptive behavioral modification (Veiel 1997).”
Background
Cognitive functioning in depersonalization disorder
Guralnik, O., Giesbrecht, T., Knutelska, M., Sirroff, B., & Simeon, D. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815c19cd · Cited by 81
“Such deficits have been reliably demonstrated in, for example, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and borderline personality disorder across a wide range of neurocognitive tasks (e.g., Heinrichs and Zakzanis, 1998; Ruocco, 2005; Veiel, 1997).”
Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation of 20- and 30-minutes combined with sertraline for the treatment of depression
Pavlova, E. L., Menshikova, A. A., Semenov, R. V., Bocharnikova, E. N., Gotovtseva, G. N., Druzhkova, T. A., Gersamia, A., Гудкова, А. А., & Guekht, A. B. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.004 · Cited by 62
“The revealed data on correlation of this test with the depression level are in a good agreement with the known association between depression and cognitive deficit (Veiel, 1997; Wagner et al., 2012).”
Result
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Multiple Networks and Disrupted Correlation With Executive Function in Major Depressive Disorder
Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Liang, X., Li, D., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., Cui, Y., Chen, J., Liu, J., & Qiu, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00272 · Cited by 58
Effects of injury severity and cognitive exaggeration on olfactory deficits in head injury compensation claims
Green, P., & Iverson, G. L. (2001) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-2001-16408 · Cited by 58
“Veiel [4], for example, concluded from a metaanalysis of many studies of depression that impaired scores on cognitive tests are common in groups of patients with depression.”
Influential
Deficits in visual functions and neuropsychological inconsistency in Borderline Personality Disorder
Beblo, T., Saavedra, A. S., Mensebach, C., Lange, W., Markowitsch, H.-J., Rau, H., Woermann, F. G., & Drießen, M. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.017 · Cited by 57
“For example, many patients additionally suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression (Zimmerman and Mattia, 1999), each of which is accompanied by neuropsychological deficits (Veiel, 1997; Golier and Yehuda, 2002).”
Background
Learning and memory in bipolar and unipolar major depression: effects of aging.
Burt, T., Prudic, J., Peyser, S., Clark, J., & Sackeim, H. A. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Basal ganglia dysfunction, working memory, and sentence comprehension in patients with Parkinson's disease
Skeel, R. L., Crosson, B., Nadeau, S. E., Algina, J. J., Bauer, R. M., & Fennell, E. B. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00026-4 · Cited by 60
Self-evaluation and objective assessment of cognition in major depression and attention deficit disorder: Implications for clinical practice
Potvin, S., Charbonneau, G., Juster, R.-P., Purdon, S., & Tourjman, S. V. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.004 · Cited by 56
Mood and Neuropsychological Changes in Women With Midlife Depression Treated With Escitalopram
Wroolie, T. E., Williams, K. E., Keller, J., Zappert, L. N., Shelton, S. D., Kenna, H. A., Reynolds, M. F., & Rasgon, N. L. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000227699.26375.f8 · Cited by 56
Depression: a role for neurosurgery?
Malhi, J. R. B. G. S. (2000) · British Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1080/02688690050175193 · Cited by 56
Effects of major depression diagnosis and cortisol levels on indices of neurocognitive function
Gomez, R. G., Posener, J. A., Keller, J., DeBattista, C., Solvason, H. B., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.017 · Cited by 60
“…al., 1997; Grant et al., 2001; Landro et al., 2001) and/or verbal memory (Gomez et al., 2006; Brand et al., 1992; Burt et al., 1995; Elliot, 1998; Veiel, 1997); although not all studies agree (Gualtieri et al., 2006; Purcell et al., 1997; Grant et al., 2001; Alhaj et al., 2007; Albus et al.,…”
Cognitive deficits in unipolar old-age depression: a population-based study
Pantzar, A., Laukka, E. J., Atti, A. R., Fastbom, J., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001736 · Cited by 54
“Some spatial tasks (pattern recognition, complex figures and object assembly) have shown moderate effects of depression (Veiel, 1997; McDermott & Ebmeier, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
A preliminary study of sleep-disordered breathing in major depressive disorder
Deldin, P. J., PHILLIPS, L., & THOMAS, R. (2005) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.06.005 · Cited by 55
“Deficits in concentration, working memory, and executive cognitive functioning are common to OSDB [15–16] and MDD [17–19].”
Background
Near-infrared spectroscopic study of frontopolar activation during face-to-face conversation in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Takei, Y., Suda, M., Aoyama, Y., Sakurai, N., Tagawa, M., Motegi, T., Yamaguchi, M., Narita, K., & Fukuda, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.009 · Cited by 54
Neuropsychological correlates of symptom profiles in first episode schizophrenia
Lucas, S. K., Fitzgerald, D., Hodge, M. A., Anderson, J., Sanbrook, M., Harris, A. W. F., & Brennan, J. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.03.006 · Cited by 54
The WAIS-III and Major Depression: Absence of VIQ/PIQ Differences
Gorlyn, M., Keilp, J. G., Oquendo, M. A., Burke, A. K., Sackeïm, H. A., & Mann, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500246944 · Cited by 53
“…al.’s (1992) interpretation of the VIQ/PIQ difference is consistent with reports of visuospatial and visuomotor tracking deficits in depression when subjects are assessed with more focused neuropsychological tests (Calev, Pollina, Fennig & Banerjee, 1999; Cassens, Wolfe & Zola, 1990; Veiel, 1997).”
Result
Neurocognitive Function Following Remission in Major Depressive Disorder: Potential Objective Marker of Response?
Gallagher, P., Robinson, L. J., Gray, J. M., Young, A. H., & Porter, R. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601057734 · Cited by 52
“While the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) relate to disturbances in mood and affect, there is growing evidence of significant neurocognitive dysfunction [1,2].”
Background
The relationship between psychological dimensions of depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning in the elderly – The MEMO-Study
Baune, B. T., Suslow, T., Arolt, V., & Berger, K. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.06.004 · Cited by 52
The relationship between cognitive ability and depression: a longitudinal data analysis
Beaujean, A. A., Parker, S. L., & Qiu, X. H. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0668-0 · Cited by 51
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:Boundary Issues
Fineberg, N. A., Saxena, S., Zohar, J., & Craig, K. J. (2007) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900021167 · Cited by 51
Frontal EEG alpha band asymmetry as a predictor of reasoning deficiency in depressed people
Brzezicka, A., Kamiński, J., Kamińska, O. K., Wołyńczyk-Gmaj, D., & Sędek, G. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1170669 · Cited by 49
“…people who suffer even from subclinical or mild forms of this disorder show serious impairments in more complex tasks requiring flexible thinking, information integration, or hypotheses testing (Austin, Mitchell, & Goodwin, 2001; von Hecker et al., 2013; Sedek & von Hecker, 2004; Veiel, 1997).”
Background
Effect of depression on cognition after mild traumatic brain injury in adults
Terry, D. P., Brassil, M. E., Iverson, G. L., Panenka, W. J., & Silverberg, N. D. (2018) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2018.1459853 · Cited by 54
The Danish PET/depression project: poor verbal fluency performance despite normal prefrontal activation in patients with major depression
Videbech, P., Ravnkilde, B., Kristensen, S., Egander, A., Clemmensen, K., Rasmussen, N. A., GJEDDE, A. H., & Rosenberg, R. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00002-7 · Cited by 50
Episodic memory and organizational strategy in free recall in unipolar depression: The role of cognitive support and executive functions
Taconnat, L., Baudouin, A., Fay, S., Raz, N., Bouazzaoui, B., El‐Hage, W., Isingrini, M. L., & Ergis, A.-M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390903512645 · Cited by 49
“…is common in major depressive disorders (MDD; e.g., Fossati, Amar, Raoux, Ergis, & Allilaire, 1999; Fossati, Coyette, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Fossati et al., 2004; Golinkoff & Sweeney, 1989, Ilsey, Moffoot, & O’Carroll, 1995; and see Burt, Zembar, & Niederehe, 1995; Veiel, 1997, for reviews).”
Memory and Metamemory Functioning Among Depressed Patients
Kalska, H., Punamäki, R., Makinen-Pelli, T., & Saarinen, M. (1999) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an0602_5 · Cited by 49
Assessment in work productivity and the relationship with cognitive symptoms (AtWoRC): primary analysis from a Canadian open-label study of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)
Chokka, P., Bougie, J., Rampakakis, E., & Proulx, J. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918000913 · Cited by 48
The moderating role of personality factors in the relationship between depression and neuropsychological functioning among older adults
Ayotte, B. J., Potter, G. G., Williams, H. T., Steffens, D. C., & Bosworth, H. B. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2213 · Cited by 48
Does Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Improve Cognition in Major Depressive Disorder? A Systematic Review
Tortella, G., Selingardi, P. M. L., Moreno, M., Veronezi, B. P., & Brunoni, A. R. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130224431 · Cited by 47
Hydrocortisone impairs working memory in healthy humans, but not in patients with major depressive disorder
Terfehr, K., Wolf, O. T., Schlosser, N., Fernando, S. C., Otte, C., Muhtz, C., Beblo, T., Drießen, M., Spitzer, C., Löwe, B., et al. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2117-z · Cited by 48
“Furthermore, impairments in hippocampal-based declarative memory are frequently reported in MDD patients (Brand et al. 1992; Burt et al. 1995; Veiel 1997).”
Background

Authors: Veiel, H. O. F.
Corresponding author: Veiel, Hans O.F.
Venue: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1997-08
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: 587-603
ISSN: 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
1380-3395
1744-411X
DOI: 10.1080/01688639708403745
OpenAlex: W2071401336
Cited by: 502
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 4.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive impairment, frontal lobe dysfunction
MeSH terms: Adult, Attention, Brain Injuries, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Speech, Verbal Learning, Neurobehavioral Manifestations

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A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression

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