The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A cyclical self-assessment process: towards a model of how students engage in self-assessment
Abstract
While significant progress has been made on understanding the effects of student self-assessment, the processes by which these effects occur are much less studied. The present research identified the actions involved in a cyclical self-assessment process. In this qualitative study, 17 undergraduate students from a teacher education institute took part in in-depth interviews focusing on the common actions students normally undertake to self-assess. The findings identified the following three actions that are commonly undertaken in the self-assessment process: (1) determining the performance criteria, (2) self-directed feedback seeking and (3) self-reflection. The paper discusses the implications of the findings and concludes with suggestions for promoting student self-assessment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, the involvement of students in their own assessment process can increase their success rate [43,44].”
From Artificial Intelligence for Assessment and Feedback to Enhance Student Success in Higher Education (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/003465430298487 · Cited by 12,905
A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data
Thomas, D. R. (2006) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214005283748 · Cited by 10,858
Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research
Billson, J. M. (1989) · Human Biology · Cited by 8,560
Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems
Sadler, D. R. (1989) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00117714 · Cited by 4,285
Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334
Morvan, C., & Jenkins, W. J. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282562 · Cited by 1,891
Handbook of Metacognition in Education
Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J., & Graesser, A. C. (2009) · doi:10.4324/9780203876428 · Cited by 1,509
Classroom Applications of Research on Self-Regulated Learning
Paris, S. G., & Paris, A. H. (2001) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3602_4 · Cited by 1,343
The Self-conscious emotions: theory and research
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5271 · Cited by 1,342
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099579.001.0001 · DOI
- Brown G. T. L., 2010, Contemporary Educational Assessment: Practices, Principles, and Policies
- Curriculum Development Council, 2000, Learning to Learn – The Way Forward in Curriculum
- 10.1002/job.v31:2/3 · DOI
- McMillan J. H., 2008, Educational Horizons, 87, 40
- Yan Z., 2016, Journal of Applied Measurement, 17, 335
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Critical Review of Research on Student Self-Assessment
Andrade, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00087 · Cited by 810
Artificial Intelligence for Assessment and Feedback to Enhance Student Success in Higher Education
Hooda, M., Rana, C., Dahiya, O., Rizwan, A., & Hossain, M. S. (2022) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/5215722 · Cited by 444
The power of internal feedback: Exploiting natural comparison processes
Nicol, D. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1823314 · Cited by 402
A review of feedback models and typologies: Towards an integrative model of feedback elements
Panadero, E., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100416 · Cited by 389
Yan, Z. (2020) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1629390 · Cited by 217
Self-citationSelf-assessment is about more than self: the enabling role of feedback literacy
Yan, Z., & Carless, D. R. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.2001431 · Cited by 295
Self-citationMalecka, B., Boud, D. J., & Carless, D. R. (2020) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1754784 · Cited by 236
Yan, Z., Lao, H., Panadero, E., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Yang, L., & Yang, M. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100484 · Cited by 182
Self-citationde Kleijn, R. A. M. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1967283 · Cited by 141
Calderón, A., Meroño, L., & MacPhail, A. (2019) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x19850852 · Cited by 118
Turning Self-Assessment into Self-Feedback
Panadero, E., Lipnevich, A. A., & Broadbent, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25112-3_9 · Cited by 108
Effects of Game-Based Learning on Students’ Achievement in Science: A Meta-Analysis
Lei, H., Chiu, M. M., Wang, D., Wang, C., & Xie, T. (2022) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331211064543 · Cited by 126
Mendoza, N. B., Yan, Z., & King, R. B. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104663 · Cited by 122
Self-citationPeer assessment effects on the self-assessment process of first-year undergraduates
To, J., & Panadero, E. (2019) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1548559 · Cited by 116
The effect of self-assessment on academic performance and the role of explicitness: a meta-analysis
Yan, Z., Xiang, W., Boud, D. J., & Lao, H. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.2012644 · Cited by 173
Self-citationThe past, present and future of educational assessment: a transdisciplinary perspective
Brown, G. T. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.1060633 · Cited by 144
Self-citationStudent self-assessment: why do they do it?
Yan, Z., Brown, G. T. L., Lee, J. C.-K., & Qiu, X.-L. (2020) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1672038 · Cited by 67
Self-citationAn integrated model of learning from errors
Zhang, Q., & Fiorella, L. (2022) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2022.2149525 · Cited by 80
Panadero, E. (2023) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2023.2223642 · Cited by 76
Investigating students' use of self‐assessments in higher education using learning analytics
Ifenthaler, D., Schumacher, C., & Kužílek, J. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12744 · Cited by 86
Yan, Z., Panadero, E., Xiang, W., & Zhan, Y. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09799-1 · Cited by 154
Self-citationEffects of self-assessment diaries on academic achievement, self-regulation, and motivation
Yan, Z., Chiu, M. M., & Ko, P. Y. (2020) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2020.1827221 · Cited by 84
Self-citationStudents’ feedback seeking behaviour in undergraduate education: A scoping review
Leenknecht, M. J. M., & Carless, D. (2023) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100549 · Cited by 62
Dignath, C., van Ewijk, R. J. G., Perels, F., & Fabriz, S. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09718-4 · Cited by 84
Yan, Z., King, R. B., & Haw, J. Y. (2021) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2021.1988510 · Cited by 78
Self-citationMyyry, L., Karaharju‐Suvanto, T., Virtala, A., Raekallio, M. R., Salminen, O., Vesalainen, M., & Nevgi, A. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1887812 · Cited by 61
Self-assessment complements peer assessment for undergraduate students in an academic writing task
Cheong, C. M., Luo, N., Zhu, X., Lu, Q., & Wei, W. (2023) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2069225 · Cited by 50
Yan, Z., & Pastore, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829221075121 · Cited by 72
Self-citationThe Self-assessment Practice Scale (SaPS) for Students: Development and Psychometric Studies
Yan, Z. (2018) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-018-0371-8 · Cited by 41
Self-citationFostering student motivation and engagement with feedback through ipsative processes
Malecka, B., & Boud, D. J. (2021) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2021.1928061 · Cited by 55
Implementing assessment as learning in the L2 writing classroom: a Chinese case
Xiang, X., Yuan, R. E., & Yu, B. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1965539 · Cited by 41
Heydarnejad, T., Tagavipour, F., Patra, I., & Khafaga, A. F. (2022) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-022-00202-4 · Cited by 69
Promoting student engagement with teacher feedback through rebuttal writing
Man, D., Chau, M. H., & Bei-bei, K. (2020) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2020.1746238 · Cited by 37
Peters, O., Körndle, H., & Narciss, S. (2018) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-017-0344-y · Cited by 37
Providing Formative Peer Feedback
Panadero, E., Jönsson, A., & Alqassab, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316832134.020 · Cited by 41
Do educational games affect students' achievement emotions? Evidence from a meta‐analysis
Lei, H., Wang, C., Chiu, M. M., & Chen, S. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12664 · Cited by 40
Panadero, E., Ruiz, J. F., & Sánchez‐Iglesias, I. (2020) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2020.1835823 · Cited by 47
Yan, Z., & Chiu, M. M. (2022) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3837 · Cited by 42
Self-citationThe Impact of Self-assessment on Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis Study
Karaman, P. (2021) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.46328/ijres.2344 · Cited by 48
Panadero, E., García-Pérez, D., Ruiz, J. F., Fraile, J., Sánchez‐Iglesias, I., & Brown, G. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00639-4 · Cited by 42
Self-citationA self-feedback model (SEFEMO): secondary and higher education students’ self-assessment profiles
Panadero, E., Ruiz, J. F., Pinedo, L., Sánchez‐Iglesias, I., & García-Pérez, D. (2024) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2024.2367027 · Cited by 37
Mendoza, N. B., Yan, Z., & King, R. B. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00620-1 · Cited by 35
Self-citationKeating, X. D., Liu, X., Stephenson, R., Guan, J., & Hodges, M. (2019) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x19874818 · Cited by 33
Aldosari, M. S., & Alsager, H. N. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01478-8 · Cited by 61
Lee, Y.-F., Hwang, G., & Chen, P. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10478-x · Cited by 56
Yan, Z., Lee, J. C., Hui, S. K. F., & Lao, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.871781 · Cited by 47
Self-citationShifting feedback agency to students by having them write their own feedback comments
Nicol, D., & Kushwah, L. (2023) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2265080 · Cited by 36
Zhang, X. S., & Zhang, L. J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142214686 · Cited by 35
Critical Thinking in Teacher Education: Course Design and Teaching Practicum
Lithoxoidou, A., & Georgiadou, T. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13080837 · Cited by 49
Student assessment literacy: indicators and domains from the literature
Hannigan, C., Alonzo, D., & Oo, C. Z. (2022) · Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2022.2121911 · Cited by 35
Developing a Short Form of the Self-Assessment Practices Scale: Psychometric Evidence
Yan, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00153 · Cited by 30
Self-citationExploring the roles of academic self-concept and perseverance of effort in self-assessment practices
Yang, L., Yan, Z., Zhang, D., Boud, D. J., & Datu, J. A. D. (2023) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2023.2191161 · Cited by 39
Self-citationHow do undergraduates perceive the use of assessment? A study in higher education
Pereira, D., Cadime, I., Brown, G., & Flores, M. A. (2021) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2020.1871393 · Cited by 33
Self-citationBrown, G., & Zhao, A. (2023) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2023.2208670 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMendoza, N. B., & Yan, Z. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10032-w · Cited by 35
Self-citationObservations of student accuracy in criteria-based self-assessment
Carroll, D. (2020) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1727411 · Cited by 28
Tang, L., Shen, K., Le, H., Shen, Y., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Juelich, T., Li, X., Gašević, D., & Fan, Y. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13036 · Cited by 25
Zheng, B., He, Q., & Lei, J. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2421441 · Cited by 28
Threats to student evaluative judgement and their management
Joughin, G., Boud, D. J., & Dawson, P. (2018) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2018.1544227 · Cited by 25
Mannion, J. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1922874 · Cited by 27
Academic Self-Efficacy, Approach to Learning and Academic Achievement
Verešová, M., & Foglová, L. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.70948 · Cited by 24
BUNGA RAMPAI Strategi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan Selama Pandemi Covid-19Preprint
Wijayanto, A., & Khurniawan, A. W. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4q2fe · Cited by 20
How can learners practice evaluative judgement using qualitative self-assessment?
Gladovic, C., Tai, J., Nicola‐Richmond, K., & Dawson, P. (2023) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2291341 · Cited by 21
Karaman, P. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00867-w · Cited by 77
Self-assessment design in a digital world: centring student agency
Nieminen, J. H., Yan, Z., & Boud, D. J. (2025) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2025.2467647 · Cited by 27
Self-citationArefian, M. H. (2022) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2022.2096584 · Cited by 18
Papanthymou, A., & Δάρρα, Μ. Δ. (2018) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v8n1p48 · Cited by 18
Feedback for student learning in higher education
Carless, D. R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14066-7 · Cited by 24
Chen, G.-J., Wang, X.-L., & Wang, L. (2022) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2142515 · Cited by 12
Yan, Z., Brubacher, S. P., Boud, D. J., & Powell, M. B. (2020) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12201 · Cited by 21
Self-citationHuang, E., Jiang, L. G., & Yang, M. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-10047-y · Cited by 22
Mendoza, N. B., & Yan, Z. (2021) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282921994374 · Cited by 19
Self-citationYoung, S., & Carless, D. R. (2024) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2024.2338537 · Cited by 16
Self-assessment for continuous professional development: The perspective of Islamic Education
Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38268 · Cited by 16
Kim, S. H. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000494 · Cited by 16
Zhang, X. S., Zhang, L. J., Parr, J. M., & Biebricher, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.956160 · Cited by 23
Elements for understanding and fostering self-assessment of learning artifacts in higher education
Köppe, C., Verhoeff, R. P., & van Joolingen, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1213108 · Cited by 20
Zhang, E. D., & Yu, S. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103219 · Cited by 14
García-Ros, R., Ruescas-Nicolau, M.-A., Serrano, N. C., Carrasco, J. J., Pérez‐Alenda, S., Sastre-Arbona, C., Valenzuela, C. S. M., Flor-Rufino, C., & Sánchez-Sánchez, M. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094957 · Cited by 13
Panadero, E., García-Pérez, D., Ruiz, J. F., Fraile, J., Sánchez‐Iglesias, I., & Brown, G. (2023) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2023.2254015 · Cited by 23
Self-citationTowards a new theory of student self-assessment: Tracing learners’ cognitive and affective processes
Rickey, N., DeLuca, C., & Beach, P. (2023) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-023-09359-6 · Cited by 14
An educational approach for early student self-assessment in clinical periodontology
Ramlogan, S., & Raman, V. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-03078-9 · Cited by 13
How Fun Overcame Fear: The Gamification of a Graduate-Level Statistics Course
Trinh, M. P., Chico, R. J., & Reed, R. M. (2023) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/10525629231181120 · Cited by 15
Radović, S., Seidel, N., Haake, J. M., & Kasakowskij, R. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12907 · Cited by 18
Shivshankar, S., & Acharya, N. K. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7220-3.ch006 · Cited by 11
Moderating Factors in University Students’ Self-Evaluation for Sustainability
León, S. P., Augusto-Landa, J. M., & García‐Martínez, I. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084199 · Cited by 15
Berg, S. A., & Moon, A. C. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00213a · Cited by 13
Graduate student diversity, equity and inclusion professional development
Willis, D. S., & Schram, L. N. (2022) · Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education · doi:10.1108/sgpe-02-2022-0013 · Cited by 11
Hidayat, N., & Irdiyansyah, I. (2022) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.12.1.71 · Cited by 12
An empirical study of student action from ipsative design of feedback processes
Malecka, B., Ajjawi, R., Boud, D. J., & Tai, J. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1968338 · Cited by 11
The influence of self-assessment practices on online training for investigative interviewing skills
Yan, Z., Brubacher, S. P., Boud, D. J., & Powell, M. B. (2023) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101236 · Cited by 15
Self-citationPinedo, L., Panadero, E., Ruiz, J. F., & Rodríguez-Hernández, C. F. (2023) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2023.2284630 · Cited by 14
Student engagement and fostering ownership of learning
Khatter, A., Thalaachawr, K., & Blyth, M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2024.7.1.38 · Cited by 10
Khoiriyah, U., & Roberts, C. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07359-5 · Cited by 25
Unleashing think-aloud data to investigate self-assessment: Quantitative and qualitative approaches
Panadero, E., Pinedo, L., & Ruiz, J. F. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102031 · Cited by 9
Gu, J., Chen, J., & Yan, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1736446 · Cited by 15
Self-citationPapanthymou, A., & Δάρρα, Μ. Δ. (2022) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v12n1p67 · Cited by 9
Mendoza, N. B., & Yan, Z. (2023) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101249 · Cited by 11
Self-citationPromoting second language writing through technology-driven multimodal text feedback
Li, W., Chen, X., & Huang, L. (2024) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2024.2315104 · Cited by 9
Supporting students to generate self-feedback: Critical reflections on the special issue
der Kleij, F. M. V. (2024) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101348 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Yan, Z., & Brown, G. T. L.
- Affiliations
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Yan, Zi
- Venue
- Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-11-22
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1247-1262
- ISSN
- 0260-2938 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-297X
- OpenAlex
- W2555158377
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 28.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GRF
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Social Sciences › Education › Reflective Practices in Education
- Keywords
- student self-assessment, self-reflection, performance standards, pre-service teachers, undergraduate students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review