The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 112 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this systematic literature review is to map the longitudinal research in the field of Internet Use (IU) and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in adolescents and emergent adults. Further, this study endeavours to examine the terminology and instruments utilized in longitudinal IU and PIU research and investigate whether statistically significant results have arisen from the areas of research focus. In a total of 29 studies, trends in the research of adolescent/emergent adult IU and PIU were discovered. These trends were conceptualized into individual, contextual and activity-related factors. Findings suggested that individual factors are the most researched and have demonstrated significant relationships with adolescent/young adult PIU. However, more research on contextual and activity-related factors is needed in order to achieve a clearer understanding of young people’s IU and PIU behaviours, and to incorporate into a comprehensive model that will guide future research in this growing field.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review maps 29 longitudinal studies of Internet Use (IU) and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in adolescents and emergent adults, finding that individual factors are most researched and often significantly related to PIU, while contextual and activity-related factors are under-researched. It also documents inconsistent terminology and multiple self-report measures, and calls for a dimensional IU-PIU continuum and more balanced longitudinal research.
Key findings
- Across 29 studies, variables were grouped into individual (n = 22), contextual (n = 4), and Internet activity-related (n = 1) influences; 21 of the 22 individual variables had statistically significant risk or protective associations with IU-PIU.
- Gender was examined in 12 studies; 7 found males at higher risk with the difference widening over time, while 3 did not support gender-related differences. Psychopathology predicted PIU, with evidence of bi-directional relationships; substance use showed no predictive or protective relationships (0% significance ratio in Table 6).
- Contextual factors such as parenting/family factors and classroom environment had 100% significance ratios in Table 6; peer findings were mixed. For activity-related factors, online gaming was a consistently strong predictor of PIU, but only one Internet activity-related variable was found to have been examined longitudinally.
- Terminology and measurement varied: there was no standardized definition, 13 different scales were used, and the most widely used instruments were the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), and Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS); most studies reported high reliability.
Methods
- Systematic literature review; searched ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete on 13 June 2016 using title/abstract terms for Internet/web/online/gaming/video game and longitudinal/longitudinally, limited to full-text, English, peer-reviewed, 1994–2016, human participants.
- 670 database records plus 8 from reference lists; after duplicates, 379 records screened, 115 full-text articles assessed, and 29 studies met inclusion criteria: longitudinal with at least 2 months between time points, IU/PIU as dependent variable, adolescents or young adults, and empirical data; sexual or gambling addictions were excluded.
- Methodological quality was evaluated with attention to reliability of IU/PIU measures; findings were synthesized qualitatively and tabulated by variables and significance ratios.
Limitations
- Stated: the review included only adolescent/emerging adult populations and IU-PIU as the dependent variable; future research should assess all developmental stages and multiple time waves, and cultural influences on IU-PIU predictors were not discussed.
- Evident: reliance on self-report measures (aside from one study also using parental reports) raises reliability and validity concerns; inconsistent definitions and 13 different scales limit comparability.
- Evident: only 29 studies were included, with contextual and Internet activity-related factors especially under-represented, limiting conclusions about those domains.
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Claims the paper makes
77 Not checked yet · 36 Own result · 23 No basis given · 6 Own interpretation · 1 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These trends were conceptualized into individual, contextual and activity-related factors.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings suggested that individual factors are the most researched and have demonstrated significant relationships with adolescent/young adult PIU.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 29 studies were deemed eligible for this review after meeting all the above criteria.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As there is variation in the definitions, there are also several different instruments being used to measure IU-PIU longitudinally.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the existing longitudinal studies during adolescence and emergent adulthood have not conceptualized PIU behaviours on a continuum with adaptive IU, and have only marginally highlighted its potential temporal or developmental aspects.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite different terminology being used, the communalities regarding the negative repercussions of PIU are clear.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies base their conceptualization of PIU on the notion of lack of control of IU without accepting its compulsive qualities.These authors use the conceptualization of PIU to describe a psychological dependence and lack of control over the time spent online, without considering the behaviour as presenting similarities to compulsive manifestations (Gámez-Guadix, 2014;Gámez-Guadix, Calvete, or”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix, Calvete, orue, & Havas, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix, orue, Smith, & Calvete, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most widely used instruments in longitudinal IU and PIU research were the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) and the Chen Internet Addiction (CIAS).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The common denominator between these measures is their self-report nature, aside from one study that also utilized parental reports (Cho et al., 2013).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the existing longitudinal studies during adolescence and emergent adulthood have not conceptualized PIU behaviours on a continuum with adaptive IU, and have only marginally highlighted its potential temporal or developmental aspects.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A third group of researchers emphasize on the similarities between aspects of PIU and addictive behaviours regarding how PIU impacts concurrent and future general adaptation, thus suggesting the term Internet Addiction (Chen, Chen, & Gau, 2015;Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013;Dong, Lu, Zhou, & Zhao, 2011;Ko, Liu, et al., 2009;Ko, Yen, Yen, Lin, & Yang, 2007;Mittal et al., 2013;Stavropoulos, Kuss”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen, Chen, & Gau, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Dong, Lu, Zhou, & Zhao, 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there is consensus amongst researchers that the phenomenon of 'PIU' exists, there is no standardized definition supported by all in the field.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Four of the reviewed studies used all 20 items on Young's scale (Cho et al., 2013;Dong et al., 2011;Mittal et al., 2013;Stavropoulos et al., 2015), one study used a version shortened to 10 items adapted for a Chinese population (Yu & Shek, 2013), and one study used an adapted version of the IAT that contained the same number of items and response options as the original version (King, Delfabbro,”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu & Shek, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there is consensus amongst researchers that the phenomenon of 'PIU' exists, there is no standardized definition supported by all in the field.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, a fourth group of studies conceptualize PIU based primarily on the Internet application abused, especially when the latter includes Internet gaming.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the significance of the particular Internet application abused (especially when this refers to Internet gaming) has attracted greater attention compared to the abuse of other Internet applications.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the important theoretical contributions to conceptualizing PIU predictors and consequences, the current literature lacks a conceptual framework that would embrace the developmental influence that is pivotal to the study of behaviour, particularly during this transitional developmental time.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A second group of studies adopt the notion that the problem is not the Internet as a medium, but rather the different applications and activities facilitated by it (Ciarrochi et al., 2016;Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, & Garretsen, 2006;Sun et al., 2012;van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van de Eijnden, & van de Mheen, 2010;Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van Den Eijnden, & Van De Mheen, 2011).Therefore,”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ciarrochi et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, & Garretsen, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Sun et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four of the reviewed studies used all 20 items on Young's scale (Cho et al., 2013;Dong et al., 2011;Mittal et al., 2013;Stavropoulos et al., 2015), one study used a version shortened to 10 items adapted for a Chinese population (Yu & Shek, 2013), and one study used an adapted version of the IAT that contained the same number of items and response options as the original version (King, Delfabbro,”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Mittal et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four of the studies used the original version of this instrument (Meerkerk et al., 2006;Thorsteinsson & Davey, 2014;van den Eijnden et al., 2010;van Rooij et al., 2010) and two used a shortened 10-item version (Ciarrochi et al., 2016;van den Eijnden et al., 2008).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ciarrochi et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites van den Eijnden et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Four of the reviewed studies used all 20 items on Young's scale (Cho et al., 2013;Dong et al., 2011;Mittal et al., 2013;Stavropoulos et al., 2015), one study used a version shortened to 10 items adapted for a Chinese population (Yu & Shek, 2013), and one study used an adapted version of the IAT that contained the same number of items and response options as the original version (King, Delfabbro,”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites King, Delfabbro, et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, the links between IU-PIU and anxiety, social anxiety, depression and general psychological distress have been examined mainly as predictors, and less as potential consequences of IU-PIU, across predominantly Asian populations (i.e.Korean, Singaporean) and over different periods of time ranging from one to seven years”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Ko, Liu, et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings highlight that the current trend in the longitudinal literature focuses on the individual effects on IU-PIU, and demonstrates the dearth of studies investigating contextual and Internet activity-related influences.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Variables measured in relation to IU-PIU
boostedn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, they all apply Likert-scales.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, there have been contradictory findings considering the association between psychotic symptoms and PIU, with one study suggesting that an increase in psychotic symptoms over two-months related to significantly higher PIU (Mittal et al., 2013), and a second study”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mittal et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The influence of gender, as a static (not-changeable, predisposing factor) on an individual's IU-PIU levels was investigated by 12 studies with only three of them not supporting gender-related IU-PIU differences (Gámez-Guadix, 2014;Gámez-Guadix et al., 2015;Jackson et al., 2003).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Gender
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, three studies looked at substance use and IU amongst adolescents, with no predictive or protective relationships identified”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Sun et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of variables reviewed are classified as individual influences on IU-PIU (n = 22), fewer as contextual influences (n = 4) and only one Internet activity-related variable was found (n = 1) to have been examined longitudinally.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Variables measured in relation to IU-PIU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
In the paper
“Although CIAS has good psychometric properties (Chen et al., 2015), it has not yet been adapted in English.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four of the studies used the original version of this instrument (Meerkerk et al., 2006;Thorsteinsson & Davey, 2014;van den Eijnden et al., 2010;van Rooij et al., 2010) and two used a shortened 10-item version (Ciarrochi et al., 2016;van den Eijnden et al., 2008).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meerkerk et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Thorsteinsson & Davey, 2014
- Not checked yetcites van den Eijnden et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of protective factors of IU-PIU, positive adolescent development (Yu & Shek, 2013) and higher basic psychological needs satisfaction (Yu et al., 2015) were associated with lower PIU.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu & Shek, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, less protective parenting (Chen et al., 2015), low family functioning (Ko et al., 2007), lower parental education and divorced or less positively related parental couples, were found to be related to higher PIU”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Parenting/family context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Ko et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Willoughby, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In line with this, Korean studies have found hostility to be the most significant predictor of PIU among male adolescents over a two-year period (Ko, Liu, et al., 2009) and to be predictive of PIU remission”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ko, Liu, et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Ko et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In regards to self-control and impulsivity, higher levels of self-control were found to act protectively for PIU, while more impulsive behaviours were supported to be a PIU risk”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haagsma et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, in regards to personality traits, higher extroversion and neuroticism have been related to higher PIU behaviours over time.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Thorsteinsson & Davey, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, higher and lower self-esteem have been found to be a PIU protective and PIU risk factor, respectively, amongst Korean and Taiwanese adolescents”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hong et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Ko et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and the second found lower support and social adjustment to be predictors of PIU”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Peer context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As argued by Stavropoulos, Gentile, and Motti-Stefanidi (2016), compulsive symptoms function mainly as harm-avoidant behaviours and are ego-dystonic, whereas PIU is primarily driven by seeking gratification and is ego-syntonic.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stavropoulos, Gentile, and Motti-Stefanidi (2016)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The methodological quality of these studies was evaluated, with specific attention to the reliability of IU and/or PIU measures (see Table 1).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PIU comprises an important area of research as its negative consequences have been found to impact on everyday functioning, interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being (Akin, 2012;Anderson, 2001;Young & Rogers, 1998).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akin, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Anderson, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Young & Rogers, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The IAM conceptualizes PIU as the result of the interplay between an individual's 'push' and 'pull' factors (Douglas et al., 2008).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Conceptual framework
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inconsistencies considering the terms and the definitions suggested to describe PIU appear to reflect variations regarding the way literature has emphasized its communalities with compulsive, addictive, and more generally problematic behaviours.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Definitions/terminology used to describe the IU and PIU behaviours studied
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conclusively, the relationship between mental health and PIU appears to be bi-directional, as although poor mental health can be a strong precursor to PIU, studies have also found that PIU can predict poor mental health”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ciarrochi et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Gentile et al., 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings illustrate the differences between PIU and other forms of addictions, converging to the absence of cross-addictive behaviours (transformation of one addictive behaviour into another) between substance abuse and PIU in particular.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Psychopathology
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding that was attributed to the social value likely added, due to being a member of an online gaming community”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kowert et al., 2015
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Following this line of thought, the higher propensity for anxiety and the lack of emotional control that more neurotic individuals experience, combined with escaping through the Internet, have been suggested to explain their higher PIU levels”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Personal attributes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, students with higher perceived teacher autonomy support and positive psychological satisfaction were more likely to be motivated to engage in school, and less likely to develop PIU”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Classroom environment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2015
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings converge to the contribution of functional peer relationships as a protective PIU factor, indicating that IU may both promote and disadvantage socialization, depending on the characteristics of the user as well as his/her peer context.”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Peer context
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 29 reviewed longitudinal studies are sufficiently comparable in their definitions and measures of IU/PIU to be synthesized into aggregate trends.
“Despite methodological differences in construct measures, it is important to note that most of the studies displayed high reliability, regardless of which particular instrument was used (see Table 1 for reliability of instruments).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The development of behaviour that places an adolescent or emergent adult at the high end of the IU-PIU continuum is influenced by all three areas: individual, contextual and Internet-related factors.
“Provided that the development of behaviour, that places an adolescent/emergent adult at the high end of the IU-PIU continuum is influenced by all three of these areas, more balanced emphasis across individual, contextual and Internet-related factors needs to be adopted by future longitudinal research”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The term ‘Internet addiction’ or ‘smartphone addiction’ is not used consistently in the literature. A review shows the use of different expressions; there is, for instance, ‘digital addiction’ [25], ‘problematic Internet use’ [26], or ‘Internet-use disorder’ [27].”
From Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Conclusion
“| Gender | 2, 5, 6, 9, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29 | 21,913 | 83.3 |”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Gender
“The influence of gender, as a static (not-changeable, predisposing factor) on an individual's IU-PIU levels was investigated by 12 studies with only three of them not supporting gender-related IU-PIU differences”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Measurement of IU
“The common denominator between these measures is their self-report nature, aside from one study that also utilized parental reports (Cho et al., 2013).”
§ Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood > Conclusion
“| study 12 | Measure of frequency of Internet use | -(server logged) |”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Venue
- International Journal of Adolescence and Youth
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-10-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 430-454
- ISSN
- 0267-3843 (ISSN-L)
- 2164-4527
- OpenAlex
- W2530358506
- Semantic Scholar
- 08d97540631c1e1ce25e6b1aa2aeec524e7cd1fa
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 15.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Adolescence and Youth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- internet use, problematic internet use, adolescents, young adults, personal factors, contextual factors, scientific terminology, measurement instruments
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