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Cited by 240Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyChild Development and Digital Technology

Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017

Open access
Carbonell, Xavier, Chamarro, Andrés, Oberst, Ursula, Rodrigo, Beatriz, Prades, Mariona·2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph15030475PMC PMC5877020

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

It has been more than a decade since a concern about the addictive use of the Internet and mobile phones was first expressed, and its possible inclusion into the lists of mental disorders has recently become a popular topic of scientific discussion. Thus, it seems to be a fitting moment to investigate the prevalence of this issue over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use in young people over the period 2006–2017. To this end, a questionnaire on Internet use habits and two questionnaires on the negative consequences of Internet and smartphone use were administered to a sample of 792 university students. The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires. The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade, social networks are considered responsible for this increase, and females are perceived to be more affected than males. The current study shows how strong smartphone and Internet addiction and social media overlap. Participants from 2017 report higher negative consequences of both Internet and mobile phone use than those from 2006, but long-term observations show a decrease in problematic use after a sharp increase in 2013. We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study compared 2017 survey data from 792 Spanish university students with earlier cohorts from 2006–2017 using the CERI and CERM to track perceived problematic Internet and smartphone use. Perceived negative consequences rose from 2006 to 2013, then declined by 2017, with social network use and female gender linked to higher perceived smartphone-related problems.

Key findings

  • In the 2017 cohort, the mean CERI score was 18.04 (SD = 4.50) and the mean CERM score was 15.77 (SD = 3.50); the correlation between CERI and CERM was high (r = 0.76, p = 0.000).
  • Problematic Internet use rose from 1.5% in 2005 to 6.4% in 2017, and problematic mobile phone use rose from 0.6% to 3.0%.
  • 375 students (47.4%) agreed or strongly agreed with “I am addicted to the Internet,” and 73.2% answered that girls are more Internet-addicted than boys; those who strongly agreed scored significantly higher on both CERI and CERM (correlations 0.38 and 0.34, p < 0.001).
  • Scores increased from 2006 to 2013, showed no significant 2013–2015 difference, then decreased from 2015 to 2017 (p < 0.001 for CERM; CERI decreased from 2013 to 2015 and 2015 to 2017, p < 0.001). Women had higher CERM scores but not CERI scores.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional survey conducted in May 2017 with 792 Universitat Ramon Llull students (mean age 21.6 years, SD = 3.3; 76.5% women), compared with five prior cohorts from 2005–2016 in Spain, the United States, and Colombia.
  • Instruments included an ad hoc sociodemographic and Internet-use habits questionnaire, the 10-item CERI, and the 10-item CERM, both using 4-point Likert scales and summed to a maximum of 40 points; Cronbach’s alpha was 0.76 for CERI and 0.73 for CERM in the present study.
  • Analyses included Student’s t-tests, correlations, and a multiple analysis of variance for gender and year of questionnaire administration on CERI and CERM scores, with post-hoc Bonferroni pairwise comparisons.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: university students are not representative of other young people; problematic use does not correspond to a diagnostic entity; CERI and CERM are self-report measures created before smartphones and should be updated; cultural differences between samples may influence differences more than time.
  • Evident from the text: the design compares separate cohorts rather than following the same individuals longitudinally, and the samples differ by country, university, and year; the measures capture perceived problems, not clinical diagnoses.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph15030475

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 94 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Females are perceived to be more affected than males by problematic Internet and mobile phone use.

    “females are perceived to be more affected than males”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1. Results of the Present Study · plain
      “To the question, “Do you think girls are more addicted to the Internet than boys?” 73.2% answered affirmatively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    People who 'strongly agreed' with the statement 'I am addicted to the internet' obtained significantly higher results than the rest of the participants on both the CERI and the CERM.

    “Table 4 shows that people who “strongly agreed” with the statement “I am addicted to the internet” obtained significantly higher results than the rest of the participants on both the CERI and the CERM.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The number of students who showed problematic Internet use went from 1.5% in 2005 to 6.4% in 2017.

    “The number of students who showed problematic Internet use went from 1.5% in 2005 to 6.4% in 2017 and from 0.6% to 3.0%, in the case of problematic mobile phone use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The mean CERI score was 18.04 (SD = 4.50) for the whole cohort 6.

    “The mean CERI score was 18.04 (SD = 4.50), and the mean CERM score was 15.77 (SD = 3.50) for the whole cohort 6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    375 students (47.4%) either agreed or agreed strongly with the statement 'I am addicted to the Internet'.

    “Regarding the self-assessment of whether they considered themselves addicted to the Internet, 375 students (47.4%) either agreed or agreed strongly with this statement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 43
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 38

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The perception of a problematic use of the Internet and mobile phones exists and has increased over the last decade.

    “The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “Taken globally, the results of the study support the idea that the perception of a problematic use of the Internet and mobile phones exists and has increased over the last decade (H1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The CERI and CERM scores are comparable across the different cohorts and years of assessment.
    • Rests on an assumption: The compared cohorts differ primarily in year of assessment and not in other characteristics (e.g., country, university, degree composition) that could affect CERI/CERM scores.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use is a valid indicator of actual problematic use.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    To the question 'Do you think girls are more addicted to the Internet than boys?' 73.2% answered affirmatively.

    “To the question, “Do you think girls are more addicted to the Internet than boys?” 73.2% answered affirmatively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The increase of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use was stronger for females than for males, but as of 2017, both sexes had lower scores and tended to present the same degree of negative effects.

    “As can be seen, the increase of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use was stronger for females than for males, but as of 2017, both sexes had lower scores and tended to present the same degree of negative effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences in CERI or CERM scores either for gender or for the different major degrees.

    “There were no significant differences either for gender or for the different major degrees (F(4, 787) = 1.24; p = 0.291 for the CERI, and F(4, 787) = 1.85; p = 0.116 for the CERM).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Scores for both CERM and CERI had increased from the first survey: there was a significant difference between the 2006 scores and those of all the following surveys (p < 0.001 in all comparisons).

    “Post-hoc Bonferroni pairwise comparisons showed that scores for both CERM and CERI had increased from the first survey: there was, in fact, a significant difference between the 2006 scores and those of all the following surveys (p < 0.001 in all comparisons).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women use social networks and academic applications more and listen to more music than men.

    “Our results show that women use social networks and academic applications more and listen to more music than men.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most frequent activities on the Internet were checking emails and sending messages, participating in social networks, and listening to music.

    “The most frequent activities on the Internet were checking emails and sending messages, participating in social networks, and listening to music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Men play more videogames and betting games and use more adult pages than women.

    “Men play more videogames and betting games and use more adult pages than women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women presented higher scores in the CERM, but not in the CERI.

    “Women presented higher scores in the CERM, but not in the CERI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The scores in the CERI and CERM grew from 2005 to 2013 and remained stable during the 2013-2014 academic year.

    “As shown in Table 5, the scores in the CERI and CERM grew from 2005 to 2013 and remained stable during the 2013–2014 academic year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was no significant difference between 2013 and 2015, and there was a decrease of the negative effects between 2015 and 2017 (p < 0.001) with respect to the CERM; for the CERI, there was a decrease from 2013 to 2015 and from 2015 to 2017 (p < 0.001 in both cases).

    “However, between the 2013 and the following years, there was no significant difference between 2013 and 2015, and there was even a decrease of the negative effects between 2015 and 2017 (p < 0.001) with respect to the CERM; for the CERI, there was a decrease from 2013 to 2015 and from 2015 to 2017 (p < 0.001 in both cases).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The correlation between CERI and CERM was 'moderate' up to 2014 and increased to 'high' as of 2015.

    “The correlation between CERI and CERM was “moderate” up to 2014 and increased to “high” as of 2015.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The correlations between the different online functions and the CERI and CERM were mostly significant but low, with the most relevant correlation being between social networks and both the CERI and the CERM.

    “The correlations between the different online functions and the CERI and CERM were mostly significant, but low, with the most relevant correlation being between social networks and both the CERI and the CERM (see Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The correlations between self-assessment of Internet addiction and the CERI and CERM were 0.38 (p < 0.001) and 0.34 (p < 0.001), respectively.

    “The correlations with the CERI and CERM were 0.38 (p < 0.001) and 0.34 (p < 0.001), respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The multivariate analysis of variance for the effects of gender and year of administration on CERI and CERM showed significant effects of both factors (except for gender on CERI) and also a combined effect.

    “The multivariate analysis of variance for the effects of gender and year of administration on CERI and CERM showed significant effects of both factors (except for gender on CERI) and also a combined effect (see Table 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Although the Internet activities of men and women were different, there were no differences found in the problematic use of the Internet.

    “Although the Internet activities of men and women were different, there were no differences found in the problematic use of the Internet [53,54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [53] Beranuy, 2009, Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Casas, 2013, Validation of the Internet and Social Networking Experiences Questionnaire in Spanish adolescents, Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The perception of our students was that women are more addicted to the Internet than men probably because of the fact that using social networks is more common than using video games.

    “However, the perception of our students was that women are more addicted to the Internet than men probably because of the fact that using social networks is more common than using video games.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Social network use is the only Internet use that moderately correlated with CERI and CERM. The other correlations were low or nonexistent.

    “Social network use is the only Internet use that moderately correlated with CERI and CERM. The other correlations, in line with other studies, were low or nonexistent [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No differences were found between men and women in the problematic use of the mobile phone despite this being a frequent result in other investigations.

    “No differences were found between men and women in the problematic use of the mobile phone despite this being a frequent result in other investigations [15,17,40,53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Predictors of problematic Internet and mobile phone usage in adolescents, Aloma

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Bolle, 2015, Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior. The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender, Comput. Hum. Behav.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Beranuy, 2009, Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The average scores in the CERI were higher than in the CERM, as has been the case with these instruments in other studies.

    “The average scores in the CERI were higher than in the CERM, as has been the case with these instruments in other studies [18,20,53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Beranuy, 2009, Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil, Psicothema

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Panova, 2016, Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental health outcomes associated with use of Information and Communication Technologies depend on users’ motivations, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Beranuy, 2009, Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although the correlation of the CERI and CERM with the statement "I am addicted to the internet" was moderate, participants who were "very much in agreement" and "agreed" with this statement obtained significantly higher results than the rest in both the CERI and the CERM.

    “Although the correlation of the CERI and CERM with the statement “I am addicted to the internet” was moderate, the participants who were “very much in agreement” and “agreed” with this statement obtained significantly higher results than the rest in both the CERI and the CERM.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Although men and women use the Internet differently, their problematic use of the Internet and mobile phones are quite similar.

    “Although men and women use the Internet differently, their problematic use of the Internet and mobile phones are quite similar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Young people are worried about the phenomenon.

    “Young people are worried about the phenomenon”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other studies have reported reliability indexes of 0.80 for the CERM.

    “Other studies have also reported reliability indexes of 0.80 [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Oberst, 2017, Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out, J. Adolesc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2015, in Spain, there was a clear preference for smartphones (88.2%) over computers (78.2%) for accessing the Internet, especially in 14-19 year olds.

    “For example, in 2015, in Spain, there was a clear preference for smartphones (88.2%) over computers (78.2%) for accessing the Internet, especially in 14–19 year olds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Fundación Telefónica (2016). La Sociedad de la Información en España 2016, Fundación Telefónica.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics and Research of the FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull.

    “The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics and Research of the FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The term 'Internet addiction' or 'smartphone addiction' is not used consistently in the literature.

    “The term ‘Internet addiction’ or ‘smartphone addiction’ is not used consistently in the literature. A review shows the use of different expressions; there is, for instance, ‘digital addiction’ [25], ‘problematic Internet use’ [26], or ‘Internet-use disorder’ [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Montag, 2016, Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse, Cogent Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Anderson, 2017, Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood, Int. J. Adolesc. Youth source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Brand, 2016, Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    DSM-5 included addiction to video games in the list of disorders that should receive further research.

    “In fact, the DSM-5 [4] included addiction to video games in the list of disorders that should receive further research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Association. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies on the addictive consequences of the old mobile phone, the current smartphone, and the Internet are cross-sectional, and therefore the temporal evolution of their addictive impact on the population is still unknown.

    “However, studies on the addictive consequences of both the ‘old’ mobile phone [9,33,34,35,36], the current smartphone [22,24,37,38,39,40], and the Internet are cross-sectional, and therefore the temporal evolution of their addictive impact on the population is still unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [9] Bianchi, 2005, Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use, Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Ha, 2008, Characteristics of excessive cellular phone use in Korean adolescents, Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

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    • cites [34] Jenaro, 2007, Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates, Addict. Res. Theory source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Labrador, 2010, Menores y nuevas tecnologías: Conductas indicadoras de posible problema de adicción, Psicothema

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Otero, 2009, Factors associated with cell phone use in adolescents in the community of Madrid (Spain), Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Kwon, M., Lee, J.Y., Won, W.Y., Park, J.W., Min, J.A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J.H., and Kim, D.J. (2013). Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Aljomaa, 2016, Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Bian, 2015, Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital, Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Mumcu, 2016, Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Lin, 2015, Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App), J. Psychiatr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the CERI in the present study was 0.76; in the original study it was 0.77.

    “The reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) in the present study was 0.76; in the original study it was 0.77.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Beranuy, 2009, Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil, Psicothema

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Internet addiction has been a widely discussed disorder in the media and in scientific literature.

    “Ever since Young [1] presented Internet Addiction: the Emergence of a New Disorder at the Congress of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, Internet addiction has been a widely discussed disorder in the media and in scientific literature [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Carbonell, 2009, A bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Internet, video games, and cell phone addiction, J. Med. Libr. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the CERM in the present study was 0.73; in the original study it was 0.80.

    “In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.73. Cronbach’s alpha in the original study was 0.80.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Beranuy, 2009, Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil, Psicothema

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants had to click on a box to give their informed consent and continue with the study.

    “The participants had to click on a box to give their informed consent and continue with the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Interest in possible addiction to the Internet, video games, online role-playing games, television, and mobile phones has given rise to a new field of study: technological addictions.

    “The interest in the possible addiction to the Internet, video games, online role-playing games, television, and mobile phones has given rise to a new field of study: technological addictions [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Griffiths, 1995, Technological addictions, Clin. Psychol. Forum source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The smartphone has raised concerns about its potential to be addictive, as happens with other possible behavioral addictions such as those to the Internet or to social networking sites.

    “Because of its popularity and because it is a relatively new device (compared to the “classical” mobile phone), the smartphone has raised concerns about its potential to be addictive [9,10,11,12] as happens with other possible behavioral addictions, such as those to the Internet or to social networking sites [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [9] Bianchi, 2005, Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use, Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Billieux, 2015, Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research, Curr. Addict. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] 2010, Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue, Addiction source

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    • cites [12] Pedrero, 2012, Adicción o abuso del teléfono móvil. Revisión de la literatura, Adicciones source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Carbonell, 2017, A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential, Addict. Res. Theory source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The evolution of preference for the phone over the computer was also observed for accessing leisure activities, which decreases the dominance of the computer in professional and educational spheres.

    “This evolution of preference for the phone over the computer was also observed for the accessing of leisure activities, which decreases the dominance of the computer in the professional and educational spheres [8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Fundación Telefónica (2016). La Sociedad de la Información en España 2016, Fundación Telefónica.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The negative consequences of problematic Internet use include possible increase of stress, anxiety, and/or a lack of communication despite being more connected, especially among young people and adolescents.

    “The negative consequences of this problem include the possible increase of stress, anxiety, and/or the “paradox” of a lack of communication, despite being more connected, especially among young people and adolescents [5,6,7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Lepp, 2015, Exploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults—A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Carbonell, 2012, Internet and mobile phone addiction: A review of empirical Spanish studies, Papeles Psicol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The term 'addiction' is probably adequate when related to specific types of use, such as addiction to gaming via the Internet or to pornography via the Internet.

    “The term ‘addiction’ is probably adequate when related to specific types of use, such as addiction to gaming via the Internet or to pornography via the Internet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Internet uses of young men and women are quite different from each other as there are differences in behavior and attitudes between them in the real world which are perpetuated in the network.

    “It is also not surprising that the Internet uses of young men and women are quite different from each other as there are differences in behavior and attitudes between them in the real world which are perpetuated in the network (H2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The questionnaires used make it possible to detect a concern about certain technology-based behaviors but in no case to issue a clinical diagnosis.

    “The questionnaires used make it possible to detect a concern about certain technology-based behaviors but in no case to issue a clinical diagnosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a recent research, the percentages ranged from 3.9% in Belgium to 1% in Poland, with 1.7% addicts identified in the Spanish sample.

    “In a recent research, the percentages ranged from 3.9% in Belgium to 1% in Poland, with 1.7% addicts identified in the Spanish sample [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The range of values for problematic users or addicts ranges between 0% and 35%, with 10-20% being the most frequent values, although there have been reports of 48% in university students.

    “A preliminary comparison shows that the range of values for problematic users or addicts ranges between 0% and 35%, with 10–20% being the most frequent values [7,10,12], although there have been reports of 48% in university students [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [7] Carbonell, 2012, Internet and mobile phone addiction: A review of empirical Spanish studies, Papeles Psicol.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Billieux, 2015, Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research, Curr. Addict. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Pedrero, 2012, Adicción o abuso del teléfono móvil. Revisión de la literatura, Adicciones source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Aljomaa, 2016, Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Problematic use of the Internet is specific and not general; it depends on the concrete activity that is carried out. This can also be affirmed for mobile phones.

    “This problematic use of the Internet is specific and not general; that is, it depends on the concrete activity that is carried out [45,46,47]. This can also be affirmed for mobile phones [17,48,49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [45] Griffiths, 2014, Is excessive online usage a function of medium or activity?, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Pontes, 2015, The impact of Internet-based specific activities on the perceptions of Internet addiction, quality of life, and excessive usage: A cross-sectional study, Addict. Behav. Rep.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Montag, 2015, Is it meaningful to distinguish between generalized and specific Internet addiction? Evidence from a cross-cultural study from Germany, Sweden, Taiwan and China, Asia-Pac. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Jeong, 2016, What type of content are smartphone users addicted to? SNS vs. games, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Griffiths, 2018, Conceptual issues concerning Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder: Further critique on Ryding and Kaye (2107), Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Women's problematic use is greater, probably as a consequence of their using social networks more than males and of the role that those social networks play in communication and in creating and maintaining connections.

    “In any case, women’s problematic use is greater (H3), probably as a consequence of their using social networks more than males and of the role that those social networks play in communication and in creating and maintaining connections [17,40,51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Bolle, 2015, Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior. The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender, Comput. Hum. Behav.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Sapacz, 2016, Are we addicted to our cell phones?, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    The term 'addiction' is an inadequate construct when used as simply 'Internet addiction'.

    “However, despite the existence of problematic use, it seems that the term ‘addiction’ is an inadequate construct when used as simply “Internet addiction”, because: (i) the problematic use does not depend on the mobile phone or the Internet itself, but on the activities accessed on them; (ii) the problematic use can be the symptom of other disorders, not a primary disorder in itself [10,17]; (iii)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Billieux, 2015, Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research, Curr. Addict. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Kuss, 2017, Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Billieux, 2015, Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    It is difficult to compare our data on problematic mobile use with those of other prevalence studies because of the use of different measuring instruments.

    “It is difficult to compare our data on problematic mobile use with those of other prevalence studies because of the use of different measuring instruments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    No personal information was requested, and it was not possible to connect any of the data from the questionnaires to academic records.

    “No personal information was requested, and it was not possible to connect any of the data from the questionnaires to academic records.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.

    “We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The CERI and CERM scores are comparable across the different cohorts and years of assessment.
    • Rests on an assumption: The compared cohorts differ primarily in year of assessment and not in other characteristics (e.g., country, university, degree composition) that could affect CERI/CERM scores.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Social networks are considered responsible for the increase in problematic Internet and mobile phone use.

    “social networks are considered responsible for this increase”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The CERI and CERM scores are comparable across the different cohorts and years of assessment.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The first wave of concern was focused on the non-smart mobile phone and was mainly due to phone bills and high use of text messages.

    “The first was focused on the non-smart mobile phone and was mainly due to two factors: the amount of phone bills that the use led to and the high use of text messages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [6] Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults—A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Bianchi, 2005, Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use, Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Jenaro, 2007, Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates, Addict. Res. Theory source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Otero, 2009, Factors associated with cell phone use in adolescents in the community of Madrid (Spain), Cyberpsychol. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Phone bills were a point of concern because a flat rate did not exist, and users needed a learning period to manage use within reasonable limits.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    In the context of young people's technology use, the CERI and CERM may be considered equivalent.

    “we wonder if it is still convenient to use both the CERI and the CERM since, at the current time, both measures may be considered equivalent in the context of young people’s technology use”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: When the CERM was designed, the mobile phones used by the participants did not have access to the Internet.
    • Rests on an assumption: At present, there is not really a distinction between mobile phones and smartphones because they are considered synonymous.
    • Rests on an assumption: Students who responded to the CERI 10 years ago did so thinking primarily about their connection to the Internet via their computer, whereas now they access the Internet indiscriminately from their mobile phones, other handheld devices, and home or university computer.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Concern over mobile phone addiction came in two distinct waves.

    “From our point of view, the concern over mobile phone addiction came in two distinct waves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by time and social and cultural change.

    “This question reveals to what extent the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by time and social and cultural change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another point of concern was the number of text messages (for women: 11 or more calls or text messages per day).

    “Another point of concern was the number of text messages (i.e., for women: 11 or more calls or text messages per day, see Thomee, Dellve, Harenstam, Hagberg [6]).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults—A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Women are more vulnerable to this type of problem because it is related to communication practices such as establishing and actively maintaining relationships, which women engage in more than men.

    “Another possible explanation is that women are more vulnerable to this type of problem because it is related to communication practices such as establishing and actively maintaining relationships, which women engage in more than men [38,40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Mumcu, 2016, Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Bolle, 2015, Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior. The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender, Comput. Hum. Behav.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Davis [62] offered one of the first theoretical models that differentiates between a generalized and a specific type of Internet addiction.

    “Davis [62] offered one of the first theoretical models, which differentiates between a generalized and a specific type of Internet addiction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Davis, 2001, A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use, Comput. Hum. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Facebook and WhatsApp could be used as a key component to understand how young people socialize through these applications.

    “Facebook and WhatsApp (as WhatsApp could be considered a social media) could be used as a key component to understand how young people socialize through these applications [57].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] O’Hara, K.P., Massimi, M., Harper, R., Rubens, S., and Morris, J. (2014, January 15–19). Everyday dwelling with WhatsApp. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing—CSCW’14, Baltimore, MD, USA. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some studies suggest that there may be different thresholds for males and females with respect to these negative effects.

    “Some studies suggest that there may be different thresholds for males and females with respect to these negative effects [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Lachmann, 2016, Life satisfaction and problematic Internet use: Evidence for gender specific effects, Psychiatry Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Online social networking is considered, along with video games, to be the use with the highest risk of becoming problematic, even though there is a lack of empirical confirmation.

    “In fact, online social networking is considered, along with video games, to be the use with the highest risk of becoming problematic [55,56] even though there is a lack of empirical confirmation [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [55] Kuss, 2011, Online social networking and addiction—A review of the psychological literature, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Ryan, 2014, The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Carbonell, 2017, A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential, Addict. Res. Theory source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A large-scale tracking of online behavior showed that the use of WhatsApp over the smartphone accounted for nearly 20% of all smartphone behavior, above Facebook use.

    “A large-scale tracking of online behavior showed that the use of WhatApp over the smartphone accounted for nearly 20% of all smartphone behavior, above Facebook use [58].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Montag, C., Błaszkiewicz, K., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Andone, I., Trendafilov, B., Eibes, M., and Markowetz, A. (2015). Smartphone usage in the 21st century: Who is active on WhatsApp?. BMC Res. Notes, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the last decade, it has been learned that it is convenient to distinguish between behavioral addictions that take place on the Internet, specific uses of the Internet that can become problematic, and a possible generalized Internet addiction.

    “In the last decade, we have learned that it is convenient to distinguish between behavioral addictions that take place on the Internet (for example, pathological gambling), the specific uses of the Internet that can become problematic (for example, videogames and social networks), and a possible generalized Internet addiction [45,46,49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [45] Griffiths, 2014, Is excessive online usage a function of medium or activity?, J. Behav. Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Pontes, 2015, The impact of Internet-based specific activities on the perceptions of Internet addiction, quality of life, and excessive usage: A cross-sectional study, Addict. Behav. Rep.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Griffiths, 2018, Conceptual issues concerning Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder: Further critique on Ryding and Kaye (2107), Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The terms "internet addiction" and "smartphone addiction" could be 'misnomers' which we might not want to use anymore.

    “The terms “internet addiction” and “smartphone addiction” could be ‘misnomers’ [49] which we might not want to use anymore.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Griffiths, 2018, Conceptual issues concerning Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder: Further critique on Ryding and Kaye (2107), Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The downward tendency may correspond to a progressive normalization and integration of these new technologies into daily life.

    “which may correspond to a progressive normalization and integration of these new technologies into our daily life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Later, more sophisticated models to explain the different levels of the addiction process have been developed, such as the I-PACE model [27], which is useful for understanding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders.

    “Later, more sophisticated models to explain the different levels of the addiction process have been developed, such as the I-PACE model [27], which is useful for understanding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Brand, 2016, Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    It is possible that some differences found in this study were more influenced by the cultural differences between the samples than by the temporal differences.

    “Finally, it is possible that some differences found in this study were more influenced by the cultural differences between the samples than by the temporal differences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    University students have a higher than average level of academic development and their use of the Internet and mobile phones is not necessarily representative of the use that other young people engage in.

    “Firstly, university students have a higher than average level of academic development and their use of the Internet and mobile phones is not necessarily representative of the use that other young people engage in.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
66 of 66

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The CERI and CERM scores are comparable across the different cohorts and years of assessment.

    “The data on problematic Internet and mobile phone use obtained in the present study (called Cohort 6 hereinafter) was compared with data obtained from other cohorts of university students who answered the CERI and CERM questionnaires in studies conducted by our team between 2006 and 2017”
    “The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The compared cohorts differ primarily in year of assessment and not in other characteristics (e.g., country, university, degree composition) that could affect CERI/CERM scores.

    “Cohort 2: 318 Psychology students from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the United States, 51% of which were women, aged between 17 and 21 years.”
    “Cohort 5: 308 psychology students from Ibagué University in Ibagué, Colombia.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use is a valid indicator of actual problematic use.

    “The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade”
    “The questionnaires used make it possible to detect a concern about certain technology-based behaviors but in no case to issue a clinical diagnosis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The CERI and CERM measure the same constructs when administered to cohorts in different countries and languages.

    “Cohort 2: 318 Psychology students from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the United States, 51% of which were women, aged between 17 and 21 years.”
    “Cohort 5: 308 psychology students from Ibagué University in Ibagué, Colombia.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    When the CERM was designed, the mobile phones used by the participants did not have access to the Internet.

    “when we designed the CERM, the mobile phones used by the participants did not have access to the Internet”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At present, there is not really a distinction between mobile phones and smartphones because they are considered synonymous.

    “at present, there is not really a distinction between mobile phones and smartphones because they are considered synonymous.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Students who responded to the CERI 10 years ago did so thinking primarily about their connection to the Internet via their computer, whereas now they access the Internet indiscriminately from their mobile phones, other handheld devices, and home or university computer.

    “The students who responded to the CERI 10 years ago did so thinking primarily about their connection to the Internet via their computer, whereas now they access the Internet indiscriminately from their mobile phones, other handheld devices, and home or university computer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A problematic use of these technologies does not correspond to any diagnostic entity.

    “a problematic use of these technologies does not correspond to any diagnostic entity”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A general use of the Internet is no longer conceivable; rather, a specific one is.

    “a general use of the Internet is no longer conceivable; rather, a specific one is”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Phone bills were a point of concern because a flat rate did not exist, and users needed a learning period to manage use within reasonable limits.

    “Phone bills were a point of concern because a flat rate did not exist, and users needed a certain learning period to understand how to manage their use so that it remained within reasonable limits.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    When users managed to control phone expenses and worries dissipated, smartphones emerged on the market.

    “When, thanks to new billing structures, users managed to control their phone expenses and these worries seemed to dissipate, smartphones emerged on the market.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting claims about gender differences in problematic use

    Major

    The discussion says women's problematic use is greater, but later says there were no gender differences in problematic mobile phone or Internet use. The text does not specify a different cohort or analysis to reconcile these claims.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Carbonell, 2012, Internet and mobile phone addiction: A review of empirical Spanish studies, Papeles Psicol., 33, 82
  2. Beranuy, 2009, Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil, Psicothema, 21, 480
  3. Labrador, 2010, Menores y nuevas tecnologías: Conductas indicadoras de posible problema de adicción, Psicothema, 22, 180

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Rodrigo, B., & Prades, M.
Affiliations
  • Universitat Ramon Llull (ES)
  • Departamento de Psicología, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
Corresponding author
Carbonell, Xavier
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-03-08
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
475
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph15030475
PMC
PMC5877020
OpenAlex
W2785113047
Semantic Scholar
f0f720b07d2b8c867b6ca5acbe319fd94babb208
Cited by
240
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8
FWCI
60.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
  • Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
Keywords
problematic internet use, smartphone addiction, internet addiction, university students, social media, prevalence trends, gender differences, temporal trends
MeSH terms
Smartphone, Online Social Networking, Adolescent, Female, Habits, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spain, Students, Technology, Universities, Prevalence, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Cell Phone, Young Adult, Social Media

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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