Cited by 619Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Pleasure and displeasure from the body: Perspectives from exercise

Ekkekakis, Panteleimon·2003·Cognition and Emotion

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Abstract

The affective changes associated with acute exercise have been studied extensively in exercise and health psychology, but not in affective psychology. This paper presents a summary of the relevant findings and a tentative theoretical model. According to this model, affective responses to exercise are jointly influenced by cognitive factors, such as physical self-efficacy, and interoceptive (e.g., muscular or respiratory) cues that reach the affective centres of the brain via subcortical routes. Furthermore, the balance between these two determinants is hypothesised to shift as a function of exercise intensity, with cognitive factors being dominant at low intensities and interoceptive cues gaining salience as intensity approaches the individual's functional limits and the maintenance of a physiological steady-state becomes impossible.

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“好减肥效果的同时也能够缩短运动时间,然而运动所带来的益处在停止训练后就会迅速消失。同时ACSM在其《运动测试与处方指南(第9版)》中指出,个人的喜好有利于行为的出现与保持[20],也就是说在运动中产生的积极情感,能使其坚持更长时间的运动计划[21]。所以,通过增加运动方案中积极的情感反应(affective response)以及运动后的愉悦(enjoyment)来提高运动依从性显得尤为重要。有研究指出,在MICT中随着运动时间的增加运动感觉将会逐渐变坏[22]。而不同间歇形式的HIIT由于其运动形式的特殊性还并未发现有相关研究。根据Ekkekakis 提出的双模型理论(The Dula-Mode Theory)…”
Interactive effect of listening to music and mid- and post-exercise affective change on exercise intention
Shin, M. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1960390 · Cited by 1
“Affective responses from exercise are produced via an interaction between interoceptive factors and are affected by cognitive factors if the exercise intensity is near or under one’s ventilatory threshold (VT)1 (Ekkekakis, 2003).”
Background
Darwinian Hedonism and Hedonic Dread of Physical Activity
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.025 · Cited by 1
Insomnia Symptoms, Affective Response to Exercise, and Exercise Adherence among Patients Enrolled in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Rouleau, C. R. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26560 · Cited by 1
The Beneficial Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Endurance Performance and Cognitive Function in the Heat
Wallacep, P. J. (2015) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 1
High intensity versus endurance training: Are physiological and biomechanical adaptations preserved 2 months following the completion of an intensive exercise intervention.
Siemens, T. L. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 1
The Efficacy of Affective Behavioral Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity: Implications for Harnessing the Dual-Mode Model
Billing, L. (2017) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Exercise on Vascular Physiology in Systemic Sclerosis Patients
Mitropoulos, A. (2018) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00213 · Cited by 1
“The negative shift in affective valence is specifically linked to an important metabolic event, namely the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism (Ekkekakis, 2003).”
Background
Exploring the Use of Music to Promote Physical Activity: From the Viewpoint of Psychological HedonismPreprint
Park, K. S., Williams, D. M., & Etnier, J. L. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/2ndqw · Cited by 1
Personalised interactive music systems for physical activity and exercise: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysisPreprint
Danso, A., Kekäläinen, T., Koehler, F., Knittle, K. P., Nijhuis, P., Burunat, I., Neto, P., Mavrolampados, A., Randall, W. M., Hansen, N. C., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.24308089 · Cited by 1
Effectiveness of gamification on enjoyment and satisfaction in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. (Preprint)Preprint
Bravo-Aparicio, J., Trillo-Charlín, I., Avendaño‐Coy, J., & Beltrán-Alacreu, H. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.72559 · Cited by 1
Emotion and Exercise: Reflections and Aspirations
Duncan, E. (2005) · Sport & Exercise Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpssepr.2005.1.1.5
Influence of affective response at the end of exercise on future exercise choice in low-active, overweight participants
Soundarapandian, S. (2009) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2705
“A point that has been found to be particularly important in determining individual’s affective responses is the ventilatory threshold (VT; Hall et al., 2002a; Ekkekakis, 2003).”
Background
Independent Effect of Self-selected versus Imposed Exercise Intensity on Affect
Haile, L., Andreacci, J. L., Nagle, E. F., Goss, F. L., & Robertson, R. J. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000402724.64794.2f · Cited by 1
“Thus, there would be less inter-individual variability in the affective responses to exercise above the ventilatory threshold because they are shaped more by physiological cues that threaten harm and less by cognitive processes (Ekkekakis, 2003; Parfitt et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Caffeine on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Exercise
Haile, L., Gallagher, M. S., & Robertson, R. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_15
Physiological and psychological recovery from muscle disruption following resistance exercise: The impact of chronic stress and strain
Stults, M. A. (2009) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Affective, Motivational and Behavioural Outcomes from an Exercise Intervention Comparing Self-Selected versus Imposed Intensity
Fleming, J. D. (2014) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Motivation and goal self-regulation
Healy, L. C. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1
Sportliche Aktivität und Stresstoleranz
Gerber, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24265-6.00022-6
The effect of self-talk on attention allocation, perception of effort, and exercise endurance
Nascimento, T. (2012)
Do self-reported individual differences in preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity predict CrossFit® WOD performance?
Whitney, A. J. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Characterizing the Affective Responses to an Acute Bout of Moderate-intensity Exercise in People with Schizophrenia
Duncan, M. J. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Effect of Music Tempo on Self-Selected Exercise Intensity in Untrained Women: A Proof of Concept Study
Smitherman, K. (2016)
Determining the Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Executive Function among Individuals with Schizophrenia
Subramaniapillai, M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
walking in natural and urban environments
Gidlow, C. J., Jones, M. V., Hurst, G., Masterson, D., Clark, D. T., Tarvainen, M. P., Smith, G., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015)
Effect of Intrinsic Motivation on Affective Responses to Moderate-Intensity Exercise in inactive people: Focused on Dual Mode Model
김종호, & Shin, M. J. (2015) · Korean Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.24985/kjss.2015.26.4.739
Attentional focus during endurance activity
Brick, N. (2016) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/7135
Pleasure in Later Life Physical Activity
Phoenix, C., & Orr, N. (2015)
Influence of Eccentric, Concentric, and Dynamic Weight Training Actions on the Responses of Pleasure and Displeasure in Older Women
Ferreira, S. D. S., Krinski, K., Alves, R. C., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Science
Music With and Without Lyrics Increases Motivation, Affect, and Arousal during Moderate-Intensity Cycling
Marshall, D. (2017) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011790
“Numerous physical activity studies have utilized the FS as a measure of affective valence 8 (Ekkekakis, 2003).”
Efecto de las estrategias cognitivas de asociación y disociación sobre la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, el consumo de oxígeno y la activación nerviosa central : un estudio experimental en corredores de fondo
Rodríguez, O. R. (2017) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.48328
Sport tut gut?! Bewegung und Wohlbefinden
Brand, R., & Kanning, M. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_36-1
“Die Dual-Mode-Theorie nimmt an, dass die affektive Reaktion unter hoher körperlicher Bean- spruchung vor allem durch körpereigene Wahrnehmungen (u. a. Herzschlag, Atmung) bestimmt wird, die Warnsignale vor drohender Überlastung bieten.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Ekkekakis, P.
Affiliations: a Iowa State University, Ames, USA
Venue: Cognition and Emotion
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 213-239
ISSN: 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
1464-0600
DOI: 10.1080/02699930302292
OpenAlex: W2056702675
Cited by: 619
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 5.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: acute exercise, affective responses to exercise, pleasure, displeasure, physical self-efficacy, interoceptive cues, exercise intensity

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Pleasure and displeasure from the body: Perspectives from exercise

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