Attention control: Relationships between self-report and behavioural measures, and symptoms of anxiety and depression
Abstract
Individual differences in attention control are proposed to contribute to anxiety and depression. However, self-reported attention control, assessed on the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), appears to be a heterogeneous construct with separate components of focusing (e.g., concentrating, resisting distraction) and shifting (e.g., flexible switching of attention between tasks). Moreover, these constructs are proposed to relate differently to anxiety and depression. Two studies are reported which investigated relationships between ACS focusing and shifting and (i) an objective behavioural measure of attention control from the Attention Network Task (ANT); and (ii) anxiety and depression symptoms in two separate non-clinical samples (Ns = 165 and 193). Results of Study 1 indicated that only ACS focusing was significantly associated with ANT attention control; with both measures reflecting resistance to distraction. In both studies, self-reported ability to focus attention (ACS focusing) was associated with lower anxiety; and greater attentional flexibility (ACS shifting) was associated with fewer depression symptoms.
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High attentional control is associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression.
“Studies have found that high attentional control is associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression (Ólafsson et al., 2011; Reinholdt-Dunne et al., 2013), thereby highlighting attentional control as a relevant therapeutic target.”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Reinholdt-Dunne et al., 2013
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Booth, R. W., Sharma, D., Dawood, F., Doğan, M., Emam, H. M. A., Gönenç, S. S., Kula, N. A., Mazıcı, B., Saraçyakupoğlu, A., & Shahzad, A.-U.-R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215399 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is mixed evidence concerning the validity of the ACS [51, 53], with some authors arguing that the scale measures beliefs about attentional control ability rather than ability itself [54], which could mean that people high in negative affect respond negatively to ACS questions regardless of their real abilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Disruption in the Balance of Attentional Systems Plays a Role in Trait Anxiety
Minnick, M. R., Pérez-Edgar, K. E., & Soto, J. A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100761 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Trait anxiety is associated with self-reported deficits in attentional control [17].”
BackgroundThe Attention Network Test in Parkinson and Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Review
Yang, J., Pourzinal, D., Rheinberger, T., Copland, D. A., McMahon, K. L., Byrne, G. J., & Dissanayaka, N. N. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000292 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Soodalter, J. A., Siegle, G. J., Klein‐Fedyshin, M., Arnold, R., & Schenker, Y. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.12.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Deficits in these attentional control functions are associated with increased vulnerability to stress and negative mood [46,47].”
BackgroundAttention control mediates the relationship between mental imagery vividness and emotion regulation
Andries, M., Robert, A. J. A., Lyons, A. L., Rawliuk, T., Li, J., & Greening, S. G. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103766 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, L., Sheng, J., Duan, S., Lin, S., Li, Y., Li, Z., Li, S., Sataer, Y., & Chen, J. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02095 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Kostrna, J. R., & D’Addario, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2020-0064 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Bifactor Model of the Straightforward Attentional Control Scale
Judah, M. R., Saulnier, K. G., Hager, N., & Allan, N. P. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09737-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“Prior studies already found no significant associations between self-report and behavioral measures of attention (Reinholdt-Dunne et al., 2013; Todd et al., 2022).”
Chang, S., Yeh, T., Ma, W., Ho, Y., & Chang, T. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01511-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition, anxiety causes difficulty in directing attentional resources to the task at hand, which can be understood as an "inability to focus" (Shi et al. 2019) (Reinholdt-Dunne et al. 2013).”
Executive attention control impairments and social anxiety symptoms in children
Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L., Blicher, A., Rinck, M., & Klein, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221094969 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Wearable biosensing devices for mental health, wellness, and stress management
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Pacheco‐Unguetti, A. P., Acosta, A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1539992 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Behavior, neuropsychology and fMRI
Bennett, M. R., Hatton, S. N., Hermens, D. F., & Lagopoulos, J. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining the Relationships between Empathy, Mood, and Facial Mimicry
Rehberger, C. (2014) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yuan, Y. O. U., & Wang, L. (2020) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.00612 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Relationship between Attentional Function and Stuttering Severity in Adults who Stutter
Haitani, T., & Kumano, H. (2016) · The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics · doi:10.5112/jjlp.57.217 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Townshend, K., & Bornschlegl, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_85-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Also, individuals with increased anxiety are poor at concentrating and resisting distraction (Reinholdt-Dunne et al., 2013).”
Marder, M. A., Finley, J. A., Piszczor, J., Valencia, V. A., Kukla, T. J., Fawcett, M. K., Shapiro, G., Phillips, M. S., Cerny, B. M., & Soble, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10250-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-reported and task-based measures of attention control are distinct
DiCarlo, J. A., Burgoyne, A. P., Conroy, C., Lin, D. J., & Ward, N. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03006-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“…between performance (behavioral) measures and self-report measures has been previously examined in terms of different concepts, such as wisdom (Glück, et al., 2013), empathy (Melchers et al., 2015), self-control (Allom et al., 2016), and attentional control (Reinholdt-Dunne et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMeditasi Mindfulness: Upaya Mengatasi Kecemasan Pustakawan
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Anxiety level in context of chosen pro-health attitudes of male students during COVID-19 pandemic
Ortenburger, D. E., Wąsik, J., Павлова, Ю., & Mosler, D. (2021) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.31083/jomh.2021.093 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Associations between Recurrent COVID-19, Attention, and Mental Health: A Longitudinal StudyPreprint
Khodami, M. A., Rostami, M., Jalali, H., Hosseini, S. M., Bagheri, S., & Kireeva, S. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7jswu · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sluis, R. A. (2018) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/3368
Deros, D. E., Grant, D. M., Kraft, J. D., Nagel, K. M., & Hahn, B. J. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09924-w
- Authors
- Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 430-440
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2077841173
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attentional control, Attention Network Task, attentional flexibility, attentional shift, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, individual differences, non-clinical sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Attention, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Executive Function, Self Report
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