Delinking, food sovereignty, and populist agronomy: notes on an intellectual history of the peasant path in the global South

It may state two separate claims as one.

Mohamed Bouazizi worked on a family farm that the National Agricultural Bank had repossessed, and the Bank evicted him from the land, pushing him into work as a fruit seller.

“Less familiar is Bouazizi ' s work on a family farm which the National Agricultural Bank had repossessed. The Bank evicted him from the land, pushing him into work as a fruit seller (Fautras 2015).”

• cites Fautras 2015Partly supported

  The paper says Bouazizi worked the land with his uncle and reports a relative’s account that he turned to selling fruit after a buyer from Sfax took the land (Abstract; page unavailable). It says the National Agricultural Bank organized the auction, but the Sfax buyer acquired the land; it does not say the Bank repossessed it or evicted Bouazizi. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim.

Food sovereignty is not one school but a school of schools.

“Food sovereignty is not one school but a school of schools (Patel 2009).”

• cites Patel 2009 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim.

Mansour highlighted that the techniques evolved in pre-capitalist agricultural systems elicited from nature its self-regenerating powers rather than destroyed those powers.

“Second, ' the techniques evolved elicited from nature its self-regenerating powers rather than destroyed those powers ' (Mansour 1980, 24).”

• cites Mansour 1980, 24 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour clarified that these pre-capitalist systems had resilience, capable of restoring their own viability, and contained in-built technical and social mechanisms for moderating the disruptive effects of natural calamities.

“He clarified these systems ' resilience, capable of ' restoring their own viability ' , and which ' contained in-built technical and social mechanisms for moderating the disruptive effects of natural calamities ' (26, Mansour ' s italics).”

• cites Mansour 1980, 26 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mansour contrasted pre-capitalist systems with calls focused on trade and comparative advantage based on the difference in immutable factor endowments and non-essential specialization.

“Mansour contrasted these prelapsarian systems with calls focused on trade and comparative advantage based on ' the difference in immutable factor endowments and non-essential specialization ' (31).”

• cites Mansour 1980, 31 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

Since the Tunisian modernisers rejected a peasant path, one of techno-productivity prevailed, focused on the imitation and transfer of the dominant model.

“Since the Tunisian modernisers rejected a peasant path, one of techno-productivity prevailed, focused on the imitation and transfer of the dominant model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

They estimated that Tunisia could produce all the cereals it needed.

“They estimated that Tunisia could produce all the cereals it needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

They crafted plans for African endogenous agroecology and Tunisian food self-sufficiency, and investigated the creation of a national matrix for research into long-term sustainable intensification.

“They crafted plans for African endogenous agroecology and Tunisian food self-sufficiency, and investigated the creation of a national matrix for research into long-term sustainable intensification.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

They did not meaningfully address the gender question.

“They did not meaningfully address the gender question.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The policy-making apparatus-thoroughly permeated by staff from US agricultural research institutions and with research priorities often set by project funders linked to international institutions-started by assuming the fixity of existing socio-technical systems, which were in truth the source of so many problems.

“Instead, the policy-making apparatus -thoroughly permeated by staff from US agricultural research institutions and with research priorities often set by project funders linked to international institutions -started by assuming the fixity of existing socio-technical systems. Such systems were in truth the source of so many problems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The policy-making apparatus was thoroughly permeated by staff from US agricultural research institutions and research priorities often set by project funders linked to international institutions.

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui wrote that all these measures will not have any impacts if the peasant himself is not rehabilitated and associated with this task by substituting for social conditions of domination the conditions of a genuine social dynamics; finally this raises the issue of power itself which cannot but be affected by the previous measures, bringing us to classes, to new class alliances which must

“All these measures will not have any impacts if the peasant himself is not rehabilitated and associated with this task by substituting for social conditions of domination the conditions of a genuine social dynamics … finally [this raises the issue of] power itself which cannot but be affected by the previous measures. This brings us to classes, to new class alliances which must rehabilitate the”

• cites Bedoui 1986, 115-116Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

On the political question, the responsible institution would be the state.

“On the political question, the responsible institution would be the state.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many of the researchers touched upon were collaborators, for example in the GREDET project which culminated in the volume Tunisie: quelles technologies? Quel développement? (GREDET 1983).

“Many were collaborators: for example, in the GREDET project which culminated in the brilliant and belated -because too late to affect development planning -volume Tunisie : quelles technologies ? Quel développement ? (GREDET 1983).”

• cites GREDET 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui juxtaposed these systems with traditional ones, 'weakly developed' but adapted to local resources, which could be broadened and scaled up while maintaining a certain 'equilibrium which assured social and ecological reproduction'.

“He juxtaposed these systems with traditional ones, ' weakly developed ' but adapted to local resources (100). They could be broadened and scaled up, while maintaining a certain ' equilibrium which assured social and ecological reproduction ' (100).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 100Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The research institutes were bending to foreign funders' priorities, which were setting agendas heedless of what other lands and peoples needed and what was unique about them.

“The research institutes were bending to foreign funders ' priorities, which were setting agendas heedless of what other lands and peoples needed and what was unique about them.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The research institutes were bending to foreign funders' priorities.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agricultural modernisation induced the abandonment of those techniques, as they competed with modern pumping and digging techniques, which had dried up the springs, 'reducing the artisanry', and lowering the water table.

“Agricultural modernisation induced the abandonment of those techniques, as they competed with modern pumping and digging techniques, which had dried up the springs, ' reducing the artisanry ' , and lowering the water table (7).”

• cites El-Amami 1984, 7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami wrote that the greater the plot size, the less the factors of production are mobilised; the factors included labour, which planners considered a cost to reduce, corresponding perhaps to the model of development of the industrialised countries, but in total contradiction with the reality of the country.

“Amami wrote, the ' greater the plot size, the less the factors of production are mobilised ' . The ' factors ' included labour, which planners considered a ' cost to reduce ' (in scale/magnitude), corresponding ' perhaps to the model of development of the industrialised countries, but it is in total contradiction with the reality of the country ' (24 -25).”

• cites El-Amami 1983, 24-25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Planners had replaced self-managed hydraulics using labour and available materials and local knowhow with technologies using foreign capital and foreign knowledge, and stole decision-making power from farmers.

“Planners had replaced self-managed hydraulics using labour and available materials and local knowhow with technologies using foreign capital and foreign knowledge. They stole decision-making power from farmers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami and his collaborators Taher Gallali and J.P. Gachet called for an appropriate cropping and planting programme reflecting Tunisia's distinct bio-regions alongside the country's unique genetic bequest.

“Amami and his collaborators Taher Gallali and J.P. Gachet called for an appropriate cropping and planting programme reflecting Tunisia ' s distinct bio-regions alongside the country ' s unique genetic bequest.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

For the North, they pushed for integrated pasturing techniques and winter complementary irrigation in the best cereal lands.

“For the North, they pushed for integrated pasturing techniques and winter complementary irrigation in the best cereal lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bedoui attacked productivist visions of self-sufficiency, calling instead for a 'real autonomy ... of the agricultural sector', linked dynamically with industry.

“He attacked productivist visions of self-sufficiency, calling instead for a ' real autonomy … of the agricultural sector ' , linked dynamically with industry (Bedoui 1986, 114).”

• cites Bedoui 1986, 114Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The treatment was to tinker with their technology, not to question their existence and the history which had brought them into Tunisia.

“Still, the treatment was to tinker with their technology, not to question their existence and the history which had brought them into Tunisia.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui lauded 'rehabilitating our technological patrimony', battling the people of the global South's conversion into 'pure consumers', in the framework of an 'autonomy oriented to the future'.

“He lauded ' rehabilitating our technological patrimony ' , battling the people of the global South ' s conversion into ' pure consumers ' , in the framework of an ' autonomy oriented to the future ' (Bedoui 1982, 103).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 103Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Colonialism had ripped these regions from national labour and commodity exchanges and dissolved customary subsistence systems, including provisions for harvest failures; it rewove the social fabric into market dependence; and these regions slid sharply into poverty throughout the colonial period, wracked by periodic famines.

“Colonialism had ripped these regions from national labour and commodity exchanges and dissolved customary subsistence systems, including provisions for harvest failures. It rewove the social fabric into market dependence. Thereupon these regions slid sharply into poverty throughout the colonial period, wracked by periodic famines (Mohamed Moncef 1979).”

• cites Mohamed Moncef 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mansour called for a reasonable town-country equilibrium, allowing for food self-sufficiency.

“He called for a reasonable town -country equilibrium, allowing for food self-sufficiency (Mansour 1976, 2).”

• cites Mansour 1976, 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In superior and medium semi-arid zones, with 400-550 mm, precipitation covered the needs of winter plantings and Mediterranean littoral silviculture-olive, fig and almond trees; Tunisian farmers used terracing and bunds, or raised earthen strips, but primarily as means of preventing run-off and disastrous erosion and mudslides.

“In superior and medium semi-arid zones, with 400 -550 mm, precipitation covered the needs of winter plantings and Mediterranean littoral silviculture -olive, fig and almond trees. Tunisian farmers used terracing and bunds, or raised earthen strips, but primarily as means of preventing run-off and disastrous erosion and mudslides.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Tunisian natural and social scientists saw the problem in every one of the country's interstices and institutions.

“The Tunisian natural and social scientists saw the problem in every one of the country ' s interstices and institutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

They increased unemployment, since it took men to work animals and fewer men to work machines, and increased energy consumption, since such metal workhorses ate neither fodder nor forage but imported hydrocarbons.

“They increased unemployment, since it took men to work animals and fewer men to work machines, and increased energy consumption, since such metal workhorses ate neither fodder nor forage but imported hydrocarbons.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The replacement of living horsepower with mechanical horsepower effectively created 'grand mining farms, favouring the augmentation of erosion and run-off, to the detriment of infiltration which fed groundwater'.

“The replacement of living horsepower with mechanical horsepower effectively created ' grand mining farms, favouring the augmentation of erosion and run-off, to the detriment of infiltration which fed groundwater ' (Bedoui 1982, 101).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 101Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Tunisian social scientists anatomised Tunisian accumulation, dependence, and production, ranging from the pre-colonial system of tax farming to French colonial capitalism and artisanal and agricultural disarticulation to post-colonial import-substitution and export-oriented industrialisation.

“They ranged from the pre-colonial system of tax farming, in which state tax collection was privatised to individual collectors, to French colonial capitalism and artisanal and agricultural disarticulation amidst the solvent of imported commodities and systematic and violent land theft, to post-colonial import-substitution and export-oriented industrialisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

That path eviscerated local peasant modes, destroying animal breeds, landraces and hydraulics.

“That path eviscerated local peasant modes, destroying animal breeds, landraces and hydraulics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

There had been little to no scientific research concerning the selection or increase of these local landraces.

“There had been little to no scientific research concerning the selection or increase of these local landraces.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

They advocated the rehabilitation of barley.

“They advocated the rehabilitation of barley.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The political leadership saw the peripheries' peasant way, pastoralism, traditionalism, and millenarian revolts, and conceived of them as objects-not subjects-of development, to be pushed pell-mell and used as human material for a project conceived according to the needs or values of the global North and its allies in Tunisia who were charged with manning the development project.

“The political leadership saw the peripheries ' peasant way, pastoralism, traditionalism, and millenarian revolts, and conceived of them as objects -not subjects -of development, to be pushed pell-mell and used as human material for a project conceived according to the needs or values of the global North and its allies in Tunisia who were charged with manning the development project.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Such a recomposition of internal production, which had been 'extraverted and dependent', ought to be posed in terms of 'the mastery of social and economic production of society'.

“Such a recomposition of internal production, which had been ' extraverted and dependent ' , ought to be posed in terms of ' the mastery of social and economic production of society ' (114).”

• cites Bedoui 1986, 114Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Tunisian economists such as Azzam Mahjoub and Abdeljelil Bedoui, technicians, and ecologically inclined populist agronomists drafted outlines for auto-centred industrial and agricultural development.

“Tunisian economists such as Azzam Mahjoub and Abdeljelil Bedoui, technicians, and above all ecologically inclined, populist agronomists drafted outlines for auto-centred industrial and agricultural development.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the 200-300 mm zones, Tunisians 'harvested' run-off waters through meskats, which gathered water in catchment areas then channelled it downslope to trees.

“In the 200 -300 mm zones, Tunisians ' harvested ' run-off waters through meskats , which gathered water in catchment areas then channelled it downslope to trees.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mahjoub found the neo-Marxist, Third Worldist accounts lacking in imagination, whether they called for industrialising industries, an ensemble of plants and factories which would induce structural shifts, or other partial programmes.

“But he found the latter lacking in imagination, whether they called for industrialising industries, an ensemble of plants and factories which would induce structural shifts, or other partial programmes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour expanded on the social and technical aspects of transformation, meaning national control over economic and natural resources, satisfaction of basic needs, mobilising the masses, and technologies evolved and adapted related to these aims and consonant with economic independence.

“Elsewhere, Mansour expanded on such a transformation ' s social and technical aspects. This meant national control over economic and natural resources, working towards the satisfaction of basic needs, mobilising the masses, and technologies to be ' evolved and adapted which are related to these aims and which are consonant with economic independence ' .”

• cites Mansour 1976, 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Central Tunisia-the city of Kairouan, the Gammouda Plain-directed flooding in arid zones permitted the 'development of a flourishing hydraulic civilisation'.

“And in Central Tunisia -the city of Kairouan, the Gammouda Plain -directed flooding in arid zones permitted the ' development of a flourishing hydraulic civilisation ' (El-Amami 1984, 5).”

• cites El-Amami 1984, 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami's life's labour had been to canvass Tunisia's small-scale indigenous technics; he classified based on the biome in which peasants used them; the typology is based largely on isohyets-rainfall bands of 100 mm within annual precipitation is classified.

“His life ' s labour had been to canvass Tunisia ' s small-scale indigenous technics. He classified based on the biome in which peasants used them. The typology is based largely on isohyets -rainfall bands of 100 mm within annual precipitation is classified.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui praised local and ecologically sustainable small hydraulic systems, a persistent interest of Tunisian populist ecologists, agronomists, and historians.

“Bedoui also praised local and ecologically sustainable small hydraulic systems, a persistent interest of Tunisian populist ecologists, agronomists, and historians (Naceur 1985).”

• cites Naceur 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami called for a rationalisation of the occupation of soils, according to limited pilot experiences which the Tunisian research institutions had carried out.

“Finally, he called for a ' rationalisation of the occupation of soils ' , ' according to limited pilot experiences ' which the Tunisian research institutions had carried out (26).”

• cites El-Amami 1983, 26Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bedoui saw that the crux of the issue was preventing the weaponisation of technology or knowledge for renewed external domination.

“Bedoui, writing when technology was a touchstone of development debates, saw that the crux of the issue was preventing the weaponisation of technology or knowledge for renewed external domination.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui was wary and aware that such a project could be perceived and received as merely a lingering interest in things past, seeking to 'negate the actual scientific contributions'.

“Yet he was also wary and aware that such a project could be perceived and received as merely a lingering interest in things past, seeking to ' negate the actual scientific contributions ' .”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In a seminar on food self-sufficiency-the dominant Tunisian term for food questions-Bedoui expanded on the framework for such reforms.

“In a seminar on food self-sufficiency -the dominant Tunisian term for food questions -Bedoui expanded on the framework for such reforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui called for technical development based not in agro-industrial methods of meat and cereal production, copying Western models, but on improving yields of local landraces, and improving pasturing techniques for sheep, goat, and rabbit.

“Bedoui called for technical development based not in agro-industrial methods of meat and cereal production, copying Western models, but on improving yields of local landraces, and improving pasturing techniques for sheep, goat, and rabbit.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui's point was that policymakers crafted the entire framework using imported normative, practical and technical criteria; they did not start from Tunisia's ecological endowment, did not use the knowledges accumulated to manage it for human survival, and did not depart from the goal of properly feeding Tunisians.

“Bedoui ' s point was that policymakers crafted the entire framework using imported normative, practical and technical criteria. They did not start from Tunisia ' s ecological endowment, they did not use the knowledges accumulated to manage it for human survival and did not depart from the goal of properly feeding Tunisians.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Agricultural engineers who steered and designed development projects had a uniform discourse with a reductive and simplifying character, and technical and mechanical visions which presented adopted technologies as the only choices for society-no matter what their costs.

“Agricultural engineers who steered and designed development projects had a uniform discourse. This had a ' reductive and simplifying character ' , and the ' technical and mechanical visions ' which presented adopted technologies as the only choices for society -no matter what their costs (41).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 41Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami called for diversification of plantings, generally labour-intensive, and rehabilitation of traditional hydraulics, a labour-intensive and capital-light way of intensifying agriculture.

“He called for diversification of plantings, generally labour-intensive, and rehabilitation of traditional hydraulics, a labour-intensive and capital-light way of intensifying agriculture.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In agriculture, Mahjoub lambasted 'energophage' modes, which mimicked industrialisation, turning agriculture's traditional logic-gathering energy for human use through photosynthesis-on its head.

“In agriculture, he lambasted ' energophage ' modes (31), which mimicked industrialisation, turning agriculture ' s traditional logic -gathering energy for human use through photosynthesis -on its head (Martínez-Alier 2011).”

• cites Martínez-Alier 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The state made policies which encouraged a sector of the population to increase meat consumption and subsidised the feed needed for certain production systems.

“But the state made policies which encouraged a sector of the population to increase meat consumption and subsidised the feed needed for certain production systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour highlighted that pre-capitalist agricultural systems were sustainable and focused on feeding.

“He highlighted their key traits. First, they were sustainable and focused on feeding.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

They called for self-provisioning on the national question of dependency.

“On the national question of dependency, they called for self-provisioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

They were equivocal in respect of the social question, aware of its importance and centrality, but circumspect in addressing it.

“Thus, we can say they were equivocal in respect of the social question, aware of its importance and centrality, but circumspect in addressing it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami contrasted different zones, and the hydraulics which complemented the rainfall of such zones.

“Amami contrasted different zones, and the hydraulics which complemented the rainfall of such zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Outside of the direct use of springs, the Sahara's two principal techniques were the kharig, which would tap the aquifers through a tunnel, and the ghout, massive ditches, which allowed date palms to directly tap the water table through their roots.

“Outside of the direct use of springs, the Sahara ' s two principal techniques were the kharig , which would tap the aquifers through a tunnel, and the ghout , massive ditches, which allowed date palms to directly tap the water table through their roots.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Saharan, or desert, zones, they would directly tap springs or underground aquifers, allowing for the 'conquest of the Sahara', and the 'installation of innumerable oases'.

“In the Saharan, or desert, zones, they would directly tap springs or underground aquifers, allowing for the ' conquest of the Sahara ' , and the ' installation of innumerable oases ' (7).”

• cites El-Amami 1984, 7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Tunisian economists and populist agronomists directly addressed the environmental question through agro-ecology, including the indigenous question's knowledge component.

“First, they directly addressed the environmental question through agro-ecology, including the indigenous question ' s knowledge component.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mahjoub traced the intellectual faults that lay at postcolonial Tunisia's foundation, which he felt had weakened it and rendered it structurally unsound.

“He did not merely chronicle the past but traced the intellectual faults that lay, he felt, at postcolonial Tunisia ' s foundation. These faults had weakened it and rendered it structurally unsound.”

• cites Mahjoub 1983, 1990bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Instead, experts used the agronomic research as a laboratory to test introduced varieties, turning local production into a 'laboratory for subcontracting'.

“Instead, experts used the agronomic research as a laboratory to test introduced varieties, turning local production into a ' laboratory for subcontracting ' (100).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 100Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the sub-humid strip-the Tunisian Northeast, with more than 550 mm of rain annually-the problem was too much water-an issue of storage, not concentration; the indigenous technology was hill reservoirs and mountain lakes.

“In the sub-humid strip -the Tunisian Northeast, with more than 550 mm of rain annually -the problem was too much water -an issue of storage, not concentration. The indigenous technology was hill reservoirs and mountain lakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui clarified that the problem was not a simple nutritive-additive notion in which protein had to come from feedlot animals fed by imports-Tunisia imports and subsidised bran and corn for manufacturing animal feed-but of producing needed amino acids, which could come from locally sustainable vegetable or animal species.

“He clarified that the problem was not a simple nutritive-additive notion in which protein had to come from feedlot animals fed by imports -Tunisia imports and subsidised bran and corn for manufacturing animal feed -but of producing needed amino acids, which could come from locally sustainable vegetable or animal species.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami, Gallali, and Gachet called for a granary on 300,000 northern hectares, with permanent prairies and forage crops on the hillsides, instead of ruinous attempts to plant subsistence cereal patches on precarious slopes.

“Amami, Gallali, and Gachet called for a granary on 300,000 northern hectares, with permanent prairies and forage crops on the hillsides, instead of ruinous attempts to plant subsistence cereal patches on precarious slopes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bedoui wrote of 'traditional' methods which used animals as a means of labour, soil rejuvenation, subsistence, and sustenance.

“He wrote of ' traditional ' methods which used animals as a means of labour, soil rejuvenation, subsistence, and sustenance.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

State policy accelerated land concentration, a consequence of state calculations about technical norms concerning viability which were the output of modernisation ideology, not agronomy appropriate to Tunisia's pre-existing agricultural system and the knowledge which existed to maintain it.

“State policy accelerated land concentration, a consequence of state calculations about technical norms concerning viability which were the output of modernisation ideology, not agronomy appropriate to Tunisia ' s pre-existing agricultural system and the knowledge which existed to maintain it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Chickpeas and lentils, sources of vegetable protein, were equally placed to the margin-'all of the crops specific to the arid and underdeveloped countries were ignored or neglected'.

“Chickpeas and lentils, sources of vegetable protein, were equally placed to the margin - ' all of the crops specific to the arid and underdeveloped countries were ignored or neglected ' (136).”

• cites El-Amami, Gachet, and Gallali 1979, 136Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bedoui knew that treating technology as a positive good in and of itself would orient social production and exchange to the acquisition and use of such technics, which only had true value when judged with respect to the full scope of their social and ecological consequences, and found worthy, not wanting.

“Bedoui knew that treating technology as a positive good in and of itself would orient social production and exchange to the acquisition and use of such technics, which only had true value when judged with respect to the full scope of their social and ecological consequences, and found worthy, not wanting.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Barley had covered much of the North and nearly all of the Centre and South immediately after Independence; it was in 'grave regression' amidst the national research centres' disinterest in the dryland landraces.

“Barley had covered much of the North and nearly all of the Centre and South immediately after Independence. It was in ' grave regression ' amidst the national research centres ' disinterest in the dryland landraces (El-Amami, Gachet, and Gallali 1979, 136).”

• cites El-Amami, Gachet, and Gallali 1979, 136Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami called for a peasant path: dispersed housing, decentralised hydraulic infrastructure (wells) adapted to the mobilisation and exploitation of renewable energy and creators of employment.

“In place of high-capital-coefficient projects, or projects which required a massive capital investment per worker, Amami called for a peasant path: ' Dispersed housing, decentralised hydraulic infrastructure (wells) [which] are adapted to the mobilisation and the exploitation of renewable energy and are also creators of employment ' (El-Amami 1983, 25).”

• cites El-Amami 1983, 25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami evolved a world-view concerned with questions of self-management, productivity per hectare, agro-ecology, and peasant-led and employment-creating growth.

“From more straightforwardly agronomic and narrowly technical concerns, he evolved a world-view concerned with questions of self-management, productivity per hectare, agro-ecology, and peasantled and employment-creating growth.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For zones receiving less than 350 mm of rain they called for barley planting, and for the rehabilitation of spate-flooding in the Centre and the South.

“For zones receiving less than 350 mm of rain they called for barley planting, and for the rehabilitation of spate-flooding in the Centre and the South.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

They called for self-management on the democratic question.

“On the democratic question, they called for self-management.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Mahjoub rejected the dominant Western lens of development, primarily modernisation theory, which reached theoretical apotheosis in Rostow's stages of growth required for economic take-off.

“He rejected the dominant Western lens of development, primarily modernisation theory, which reached theoretical apotheosis in Rostow ' s stages of growth required for what he called economic take-off (Rostow 1956).”

• cites Rostow 1956 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mansour focused on the knowledge built up through place-based techniques.

“He focused on the knowledge built up through place-based techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bedoui wrote of engineers' training, 'formed in the dominant school' in 1982 as he set out schematics for an African response to neoliberalism.

“Bedoui wrote of engineers ' training, ' formed in the dominant school ' in 1982 as he set out schematics for an African response to neoliberalism (Bedoui 1982, 38).”

• cites Bedoui 1982, 38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mahjoub distinguished between three paths to industrial modernity: liberal, reformist, and neo-Marxist, Third Worldist accounts.

“Mahjoub distinguished between three paths to industrial modernity: liberal, reformist, and neo-Marxist, Third Worldist accounts.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Transnational corporations' penetration of the countryside and their seizure of the productive apparatus meant a new form of dependence, based on three intersecting dynamics: the peasant economy's decline, unequal exchange, and the increasing dependence of Third World countries on the advanced centre for food.

“In this context, transnational corporations ' penetration of the countryside and their seizure of the productive apparatus meant a new form of dependence, based on three intersecting dynamics. First, the peasant economy ' s decline. Second, unequal exchange. Third, ' the increasing dependence of Third World countries on the advanced centre for that most essential of all human requirements: food '”

• cites Mansour 1980, 32 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A pre-existing genetic diversity that peasants tended and refined in situ marked such systems.

“A pre-existing genetic diversity that peasants tended and refined in situ marked such systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The 2017 Euskal Herria document highlights the question of war, noting LVC's mandate to sow peace.

“and it highlights the question of war, noting LVC ' s mandate to ' sow peace ' .”

• cites La Via Campesina 2017bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

LVC emerged in Latin America as the state stopped stewarding rural reproduction.

“LVC emerged in Latin America as the state stopped stewarding rural reproduction.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

MENA has one of the world's most unequal agrarian structures: a bimodal land distribution, high countryside Gini coefficient, lopsided concentration of the poor in rural areas, and systematic lack of state interest in egalitarian development.

“MENA has one of the world ' s most unequal agrarian structures: a bimodal land distribution, high countryside Gini coefficient, lopsided concentration of the poor in rural areas, and systematic lack of state interest in egalitarian development (Bush 2016).”

• cites Bush 2016Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 1996 calls were a reaction to an attempt to globalise-place under the aegis of global North monopolies-national food systems.

“The 1996 calls were a reaction to an attempt to ' globalise ' -place under the aegis of global North monopolies -national food systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

For Amin, delinking was necessary for the global South's development.

“For Amin, ' delinking ' was necessary for the global South ' s development.”

• cites Amin 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The autocentric option meant the abolition of dominant forms of private ownership of land and factories, taking agriculture as its base, and not envisaging forced appropriation from peasants to hasten industrialization.

“The autocentric option meant ' the abolition of the dominant forms of private ownership of land and factories, and taking agriculture as its base … not envisaging any forced appropriation from the peasants to ' hasten industrialization '' (Amin 1990, 63).”

• cites Amin 1990, 63Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tunisian cooperatives had less success, alienating smallholders who lost control of their labour while seeing little improvement in their lives.

“Cooperatives had less success, alienating smallholders who lost control of their labour while seeing little improvement in their lives.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Sovereignty and financial architecture are linked: a post-Bretton Woods system of uncontrolled currency flows makes global South currencies vulnerable to systemic pressures, chipping away at their sovereignty.

“As a corollary, sovereignty and financial architecture are linked -a post-Bretton Woods system of uncontrolled currency flows makes global South currencies vulnerable to systemic pressures, chipping away at their sovereignty (Gowan 1999).”

• cites Gowan 1999Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Fawzy Mansour called for a self-reliant auto-centred strategy of development.

“He called for a ' self-reliant auto-centred strategy of development ' (Mansour 1979a).”

• cites Mansour 1979aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A fourth aspect of LVC's programme is constraining trade to harness it to the needs of peoples, rather than peoples to the needs of trade.

“The fourth is constraining trade to harness it to the needs of peoples, rather than peoples to the needs of trade.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Food sovereignty focuses on the small producer, rooted in community and place, as the subject of social change.

“first, food sovereignty focuses on the small producer, rooted in community and place, as the subject of social change.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Food sovereignty has emerged against an assumption that sovereignty is possible.

“Food sovereignty has emerged against an assumption that sovereignty is possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

LVC confronted international institutions' hand in hardening global hierarchies, stating that food sovereignty is undermined by multilateral institutions and by speculative capital.

“Finally, they confronted international institutions ' hand in hardening global hierarchies: ' Food sovereignty is undermined by multilateral institutions and by speculative capital ' (La Via Campesina 1996, 3).”

• cites La Via Campesina 1996, 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

LVC insisted on the rural world's centrality, contradicting urban-developmentalist narratives positing the countryside's end as necessary for the global South's development.

“It insisted on the rural world ' s centrality, contradicting urban-developmentalist narratives positing the countryside ' s end as necessary for the global South ' s development (Ajl 2014; Bernstein 2006; Moyo, Jha, and Yeros 2013).”

• cites Ajl 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bernstein 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moyo, Jha, and Yeros 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Delinking meant denying the exterior impetus a dynamic role and primacy.

“Delinking meant denying the exterior impetus a dynamic role and primacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Delinking was the condition for autocentric development, or the national control of accumulation.

“It was the ' condition for autocentric development ' , or the ' national control of accumulation ' (18).”

• cites Amin 1990, 18Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Core states of the world system-the US and the EU-reserved for their monopolies the capacity to modify comparative advantage through state succour at their whim.

“The core states of the world system -the US and the EU -reserved for their monopolies the capacity to modify comparative advantage through state succour at their whim.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 2017 call emerged against a background of mounting global violence.

“The 2017 call emerged against a background of mounting global violence.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The 2017 Euskal Herria document focuses on food sovereignty as a plank in an anti-systemic programme reflecting the interests of the dispossessed in field and factory, and those turned into the reserve army of labour unable to make claims through the productive apparatus.

“It focuses on food sovereignty as a plank in an anti-systemic programme reflecting the interests of the dispossessed in field and factory, and those whom history had turned into the reserve army of labour unable to make claims through the productive apparatus.”

• cites La Via Campesina 2017bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The locus of food sovereignty shifts: in 1996 the nation; in 2003, peoples; in the 2013 Jakarta call, all peoples, nations and states.

“Second, the locus of food sovereignty shifts, reflecting shifts of the movements whose discourse and practice the phrase crystallises. In 1996 the nation; in 2003, peoples; in the 2013 Jakarta call, ' all peoples, nations and states ' (La Via Campesina 2013).”

• cites La Via Campesina 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin distinguished between delinking as the condition for autocentric development and autocentric development itself as the national control of accumulation.

“Amin distinguished between delinking as the ' condition for autocentric development ' , and autocentric development itself: the ' national control of accumulation ' (Amin 1990, 18).”

• cites Amin 1990, 18Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

From the 1990s, comparative advantage became the watchword of development agencies, the condition for loans, the argot of state policy, and the fait accompli imposed on smallholders.

“From the 1990s, comparative advantage became the watchword of development agencies, the condition for loans, the monotonic argot of state policy, and the fait accompli imposed on smallholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

LVC defended a peasant path to modernity and development and focused on decent jobs with fair remuneration and labour rights for all, and a future for young people in the countryside.

“It defended a peasant path to modernity and development, and focused on ' decent jobs with fair remuneration and labour rights for all, and a future for young people in the countryside ' (La Via Campesina 2007).”

• cites La Via Campesina 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Continental democratisation opened political space in the 1980s, which became the incubator for the Movement of Movements from which LVC emerged after a gestation lasting more than a decade.

“Continental democratisation opened political space in the 1980s, which became the incubator for the Movement of Movements -the endless meetings from which LVC emerged after a gestation that lasted more than a decade.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

La Via Campesina in 2013 had just one member in the entire MENA region-Palestine's Union of Agricultural Work Committees-and in 2017 Morocco's National Federation of Agricultural Unions and Tunisia's One Million Rural Women joined.

“La Via Campesina (LVC), the international peasant confederation, in 2013 had just one member in the entire MENA region -Palestine ' s Union of Agricultural Work Committees (UAWC). In 2017, Morocco ' s National Federation of Agricultural Unions and Tunisia ' s One Million Rural Women joined.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Delinking meant breaking from the maldevelopment which the regnant law of value imposed on the world.

“Delinking meant breaking from the maldevelopment which the regnant ' law of value ' imposed on the world (63).”

• cites Amin 1990, 63Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

With spare capital, states can spark import-substitution industrialisation, create jobs ex nihilo, and increase the size of the social pie, but it is very hard to make more land.

“With spare capital, states can spark import-substitution industrialisation (ISI), create jobs ex nihilo , and increase the size of the social pie. But it is very hard to make more land.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mansour clarified that his strategy was a coherent whole encompassing the right to work, the right to determine the social organisation of production, and the right to determine the technical pattern of production.

“It was a ' coherent whole ' encompassing the right to work, the right to determine the social organisation of production, and the right to determine the technical pattern of production.”

• cites Mansour 1979aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Hot capital flows could burn through domestic democratic structures, incinerating the integuments binding control of production to the people.

“Hot capital flows could burn through domestic democratic structures, incinerating the integuments binding control of production to the people.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The 2007 Nyéléni Declaration detailed the negative nature of imported technics-their role in safeguarding the interests of others, particularly monopolies, above those of the people.

“The 2007 Nyéléni Declaration, LVC ' s official conference statement, detailed the negative nature of imported technics -their role in safeguarding the interests of others, particularly the interests of the monopolies, above those of the people.”

• cites La Via Campesina 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In MENA, anti-systemic struggle is often at the stage of securing sovereignty, not imbuing it with social meaning.

“But in MENA, anti-systemic struggle is often at the stage of securing sovereignty, not imbuing it with social meaning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Loans and linked aid enabled the Tunisian state to summon up new industry.

“Loans and linked aid enabled the state to summon up new industry (Romdhane 1981).”

• cites Romdhane 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Delinking was a framework for rupture and the logical political outcome of the unequal character of the development of capitalism.

“It was a framework for rupture, and the ' logical political outcome of the unequal character of the development of capitalism ' (Amin 1990, xiv).”

• cites Amin 1990, xivNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

While rural poverty led to a blossoming of peasant movements in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, the MENA region has yet to see such a bloom.

“Yet while rural poverty led to a blossoming of peasant movements in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, the MENA region has yet to see such a bloom.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 2017 Euskal Herria document is LVC's most recent declaration.

“The 2017 Euskal Herria document is LVC ' s most recent declaration.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

LVC argues for the synergy of sovereignty's social elements and agro-ecology's technical elements.

“LVC argues for the synergy of sovereignty ' s social elements and agro-ecology ' s technical elements.”

• cites Martínez-Torres and Rosset 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Food issues are agrarian issues, and so the agrarian question remains central.

“Food issues are agrarian issues, and so the agrarian question remains central.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin's delinking did not focus on ecology and gender, leaving others to take those turns.

“Finally, Amin ' s delinking did not focus on ecology and gender, leaving others to take those turns.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

LVC's vision of food sovereignty emphasised ecology, entailing the sustainable care and use of natural resources especially land, water and seeds.

“LVC ' s vision of food sovereignty emphasised ecology, entailing ' the sustainable care and use of natural resources especially land, water and seeds ' (La Via Campesina 1996, 2).”

• cites La Via Campesina 1996, 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

As the Tunisian state dismantled cooperatives, capital-intensive irrigation and a US-planned Green Revolution spread across Tunisia's countryside.

“As the state dismantled the coops, capital-intensive irrigation and a US-planned Green Revolution burst across Tunisia ' s countryside.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Agro-ecology is food sovereignty's technic.

“The third crucial aspect is agro-ecology as food sovereignty ' s technic.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The 1996 LVC call demanded genuine agrarian reform giving landless and farming people-especially women-ownership and control of the land they work and returning territories to Indigenous peoples.

“The 1996 call demanded ' genuine agrarian reform which gives landless and farming people -especially women -ownership and control of the land they work and returns territories to Indigenous peoples ' (La Via Campesina 1996, 2).”

• cites La Via Campesina 1996, 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A fifth aspect is a complementary confederal vision, since countries have ineluctable ecological endowments.

“The fifth is a complementary confederal vision -since countries do have ineluctable ecological endowments.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A lack of accessible land to scale up the cooperative project aggravated the cooperatives' internal problems.

“Aggravating the cooperatives ' internal problems was a lack of accessible land to scale up the project.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

At least one consequence of Tunisia's inability to provide a good urban or rural life was massive immigration to France and Libya.

“At least one consequence of the country ' s inability to provide a good urban or rural life was massive immigration to France and Libya.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 1996 at the Rome World Food Summit LVC described food sovereignty as the right of each nation to maintain and develop its own capacity to produce its basic foods respecting cultural and productive diversity.

“In 1996 at the Rome World Food Summit LVC described food sovereignty as: ' the right of each nation to maintain and develop its own capacity to produce its basic foods respecting cultural and productive diversity ' (La Via Campesina 1996).”

• cites La Via Campesina 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Delinking in a world of poor peasants meant a peasant-centred developmental process, alongside massive land reforms.

“Clearly, delinking in a world of poor peasants meant a peasant-centred developmental process, alongside massive land reforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These systemic constraints inspired earlier theorists and planners to push for distancing from such global pressures; one theory of distance was delinking.

“These systemic constraints inspired earlier theorists and planners to push for distancing from such global pressures. One theory of distance was delinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Tunisian industrialisation worked unevenly.

“Industrialisation worked -unevenly (Stolper 1978).”

• cites Stolper 1978 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Landed power pushed back against extending cooperatives nationwide, especially in coastal areas near Sousse, as did the Bank for International Reconstruction and Development.

“Landed power pushed back, especially in the coastal areas near Sousse, the long-time bastion of small-to-medium farming, and reservoir of the NeoDestour/PSD ' s support, as did the Bank for International Reconstruction and Development (Amrani 1979).”

• cites Amrani 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Tunisian state invested little in small farmer development and next to nothing in sustainable or labour-intensive technics.

“The state invested little in small farmer development, and next to nothing in sustainable or labour-intensive ' technics ' .”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By 1959 the Tunisian state saw the need for more planning.

“By 1959 the state saw the need for more planning (Salem 1976).”

• cites Salem 1976Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

National control was a preliminary step toward stopping the outward drain of surpluses.

“National control was a preliminary ' step toward stopping the outward drain of surpluses ' .”

• cites Mansour 1979aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Billions of petrodollars then sloshing through global South central banks would lubricate this process and enable re-linking on terms less akin to recolonisation.

“Billions of petrodollars then sloshing through global South central banks would lubricate this process and enable re-linking on terms less akin to recolonisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Through such a peasant-path Keynesianism, Tunisia could employ a number of people that was double its early 1980s population without precipitous population shifts from countryside to city.

“Through such a peasant-path Keynesianism, Tunisia could employ a number of people that was double its early 1980s population without precipitous population shifts from countryside to city.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Sovereignty is the harvest of struggle: for the nation's control over production, the people's control over the nation, then determining what mode of life they wish for themselves and setting in motion plans to achieve it.

“Sovereignty is the harvest of struggle: for the nation ' s control over production, the people ' s control over the nation, then determining what mode of life they wish for themselves and setting in motion plans to achieve it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dispersed housing meant a planning policy oriented away from density and the urbanising logic that went hand in hand with the post-World War II development project.

“Dispersed housing meant a planning policy oriented away from density and the urbanising logic that went hand in hand with the post-World War II development project.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Such rationalisation would rework the labour to land ratio.

“Such rationalisation would rework the labour to land ratio.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These three modes of thought substantially overlap.

“These three modes of thought substantially overlap.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Land reform (and the ownership and redistribution of other forms of capital) is at the core of social differentiation.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In an economy as state-directed as Tunisia was and is, the orientation of developmental programmes and direction and size of capital flows can seriously shift overall class power.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Agriculture is a biotic technology, whereas industry is abiotic and capable of carving up or burning up the past's ore and hydrocarbons to temporarily expand production in the present.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

By the mid 1980s, the oil price plunge put paid to any such expectation.

“By the mid 1980s, the oil price plunge put paid to any such expectation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour linked delinking to a dependency question, a matter of national finances, and thus a question of staunching an outflow of value-a mechanism of control which dependency thinkers considered symptomatic of externally oriented maldevelopment.

“Mansour linked delinking to a dependency question, a matter of national finances, and thus a question of staunching an outflow of value -a mechanism of control which dependency thinkers considered symptomatic of externally oriented maldevelopment.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bedoui was clearly echoing Amin's delinking framework.

“He was clearly echoing Amin ' s delinking framework.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Lacking dominion over their own technology could only lead to dependence and new forms of domination.

“Lacking dominion over their own technology could only lead to dependence and new forms of domination.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Once there was national control over the productive apparatus, next was the evolution of an appropriate technology appropriate both to national factor endowments and to the mode of life which the people had chosen.

“Once there was national control over the productive apparatus, next was the evolution of an ' appropriate technology … appropriate both to national factor endowments and to the mode of life ' which the people had chosen (Mansour 1979a, 233).”

• cites Mansour 1979a, 233Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Like LVC's notion of food sovereignty, delinking was a mechanism for filling formal sovereignty in the Westphalian sense with social meaning.

“Like LVC ' s notion of food sovereignty, delinking was a mechanism for filling formal sovereignty in the Westphalian sense with social meaning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The real issue was job creation when lack of state investment funds was perceived as the primary constraint on full employment.

“The real issue was job creation when lack of state investment funds was perceived as the primary constraint on full employment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Lack of state investment funds was the primary constraint on full employment.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Tunisian popular agronomy is intellectually tributary to delinking, although far richer in its specifics.

“One objection -certainly a proviso -is that Tunisian popular agronomy is intellectually tributary to delinking, although far richer in its specifics.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Land reform (and the ownership and redistribution of other forms of capital) is at the core of social differentiation.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In an economy as state-directed as Tunisia was and is, the orientation of developmental programmes and direction and size of capital flows can seriously shift overall class power.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Agriculture is a biotic technology, whereas industry is abiotic and capable of carving up or burning up the past's ore and hydrocarbons to temporarily expand production in the present.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The modernisation theorists saw development as akin to a biological system, evolving to ever-higher stages, with a belief in the omnipotence of reason capable of mastering and conquering nature, and techno-economic growth at the model's heart, while redistribution was off the agenda.

“The modernisation theorists saw development as akin to a biological system, evolving to ever-higher stages. At the core of their notion of the role of man within this system was a belief in the omnipotence of reason, capable of mastering and conquering nature. Techno-economic growth was at the model ' s heart. Needless to say, redistribution was off the agenda.”

• cites Rostow 1956 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour did not limit the call for auto-centric development to the nation; he argued for confederation through Third World countries' economic cooperation: direct trade, direct payments, not routed through North-owned banking or transfer systems, Third World producers associations; technology transfer at free or at-cost and higher tariffs on imports from and export to non-Third World countries.

“He argued for confederation, through Third World countries ' economic cooperation: direct trade, direct payments, not routed through North-owned banking or transfer systems, ' Third World producers associations; technology transfer at free or at-cost ' and higher tariffs on imports from and export to non-Third World countries (Mansour 1979a, 236).”

• cites Mansour 1979a, 236Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The delinking paradigm and the programme for auto-centred self-reliant development had seven crucial planks: social agent the poor of city and country; scope the whole national formation; tool the state; attitude towards the external modulated and subject to internal control but not aspiring to withdrawal into a self-sufficient Crusoe's island; attitude towards peasants and agriculture a peasant路径

“To recap, the delinking paradigm and the programme for auto-centred self-reliant development had seven crucial planks. One, its social agent: the poor of city and country. Two, its scope: the whole national formation. Three, its tool: the state. Four, its attitude towards the external: modulated and subject to internal control, but not aspiring to withdrawal into a self-sufficient Crusoe ' s”