The hidden legacy of Samir Amin: delinking’s ecological foundation

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mansour assembled sovereignty, technology and knowledge into a tripod holding up the possibility of the future, each leg meant to make possible an exit from underdevelopment marked by colonial or neo-colonial lack of sovereignty, technological dependence and epistemological subservience to the core.

“Sovereignty, technology and knowledge were assembled into a tripod holding up the possibility of the future.Each leg was meant to make possible an exit from the morass of underdevelopment, marked by colonial or neo-colonial lack of sovereignty, technological dependence and epistemological subservience to the core (Mahjoub 1982).”

• cites Mahjoub 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Dowidar advocated maximising self-reliance at the local level and siting manufacturing in rural areas rather than concentrating the population in cities.

“He also advocated maximising self-reliance at the local level and thought in terms of siting manufacturing in rural areas, rather than concentrating the population in cities.”

• cites Dowidar 1984Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Dowidar thought space should be ecological, a question of the geographical distribution of socioeconomic relations on the basis of natural endowments.

“Instead, Dowidar thought space should be ecological, a question of the 'geographical distribution of socioeconomic relations on the basis of natural endowments' (1984,318).”

• cites Dowidar 1984Not checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami and Bahri analysed how technological choices made poor use of Tunisia's own natural endowments and led to or would lead to value outflows from the country.

“They analysed how technological choices made poor use of Tunisia's own natural endowments and led to or would lead to value outflows from the country.”

• cites El-Amami and Bahri 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Poor rotations, borrowed from colonial patterns, prevailed, leaching value from the land and replacing it with pricey inputs.

“Poor rotations, borrowed from colonial patterns, prevailed, leaching value from the land and replacing it with pricey inputs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mansour thought that outward-oriented agricultures had been part of the problem, creating a socio-ecological disaster, undermining on a global scale the natural eco-systems on which agriculture should be based.

“He knew well that outward-oriented agricultures had been part of the problem, creating a socio-ecological disaster, 'undermining … on a global scale, the natural eco-systems on which agriculture should be based' (Mansour 1980, 31).”

• cites Mansour 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Slaheddine el-Amami was an agronomist who rose to the helm of the Centre de Recherche en Génie Rural by 1977.

“I focus on the work of Slaheddine el-Amami, an agronomist who rose to the helm of the Centre de Recherche en Génie Rural by 1977 (Slaheddine el-Amami n.d.).”

• cites Slaheddine el-Amami n.d.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

At that time they did not study barley, even though it was a crop adapted to aridity and covered half the Northern cereal lands and almost all the seeded lands of the Center-South.

“They did not, at that time, study barley, even though it was a crop 'adapted to aridity and one which covered half the Northern cereal lands and almost all the seeded lands of the Center-South' (16).”

• cites El-Amami 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Despite the promise of the Green Revolution, cereal imports were ever rising, and so were the machineries of the Green Revolution technical package: tractors, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides.

“Despite the promise of the Green Revolution, cereal imports were ever rising, and so were the clattering machineries of the Green Revolution technical package: tractors, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Traditional farming systems were ecologically sound and more or less sealed metabolically, but required an inordinate amount of physical hard labor.

“Although such systems were ecologically sound and more or less sealed metabolically, Mansour did not idealise them, nor did he cast them as a prelapsarian Arcadia.In fact, they required 'an inordinate amount of physical hard labor' (Mansour 1980, 25).”

• cites Mansour 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami came out of the traditional Tunisian left and had been a member of the Perspectives student group, which had turned to Maoism in the mid 1960s.

“Amami came out of the traditional Tunisian left.He had been a member of the Perspectives student group, which had turned to Maoism in the mid 1960s, and the light of the Chinese examples illuminates his own notions of a Tunisian path to development (Naccache 2009, 66-69; Būqirrah 2012, 239-240).”

• cites Naccache 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Būqirrah 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Seeds, the basis of Tunisian production, had become channels for value to gush from the Tunisian national circulatory system to merchants and monopolistic large foreign conglomerates.

“Seeds, the basis of Tunisian production, had become channels for value to gush from the Tunisian national circulatory system, to merchants and monopolistic 'large foreign conglomerates' (16).”

• cites El-Amami 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tunisian dependency's ecological turn occurred in its most scintillating form in state agricultural research institutions, maturing alongside theoretical work at University of Tunis under Azzam Mahjoub.

“Tunisian dependency's ecological turn occurred in its most scintillating form in the state agricultural research institutions, maturing alongside theoretical work developed at the University of Tunis under the leadership of Azzam Mahjoub, a professor of economics.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

At least as early as 1971, Amin helped produce a major Third World document that affirmed the ecological issue's urgency but stated it ought not to be used to bludgeon into silence those insisting on the right of the periphery to develop.

“At least as early as 1971, Amin was at meetings with luminaries of global development, and helped produce a major Third World document that affirmed the ecological issue's urgency, but also stated that it ought not to be used to bludgeon into silence those insisting on the right of the periphery to develop.”

• cites ILPES 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The basic principle of traditional water management is an interaction or direct relationship between the use of groundwater and that of surface water.

“The basic principle of this traditional water management is an interaction or direct relationship between the use of groundwater and that of surface water.”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The first reason was that the work was heavy to conduct and required a local infrastructure for experimentation and monitoring.

“The first, he observed, was that the work was 'heavy' to conduct.It required a local infrastructure for experimentation and monitoring.”

• cites El-Amami 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami, with Gachet and Gallali, wrote that the state drenched the countryside through colossal mega-dams, massive fixed-capital investments tied through tubing and the paraphernalia of modernisation-irrigation to specially crafted irrigated plots.

“With J.-P.Gachet and Taher Gallali, he wrote how the state drenched the countryside through colossal mega-dams, massive fixed-capital investments tied through tubing and the rest of the paraphernalia of modernisation-irrigation to specially crafted irrigated plots (El-Amami, Gachet, and Gallali 1979).”

• cites El-Amami, Gachet, and Gallali 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Instead of the decentralised alternative, the government created a massive and inefficient dam at a massive and unsupportable price.

“Instead, the government created a massive and inefficient dam at a massive and unsupportable price.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Tunisian government created a massive and inefficient dam at a massive and unsupportable price.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The decision to build grand hydraulics engaged and polarized all energies towards work on major watersheds generally located in the North, thereby discrediting intellectual efforts invested in small and insignificant hydraulic installations.

“The decision to build grand hydraulics had 'engaged and polarized all energies towards work on major watersheds generally located in the North, thereby discrediting any intellectual efforts invested in small and”

• cites El-Amami 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami discussed pilot projects in the Sahel of Tunisia in the context of testing these small-scale technologies.

“Amami discussed pilot projects in the Sahel of Tunisia in the context of testing these small-scale technologies.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Hillside waterworks help to recharge the water table, which is then drawn on by downstream catchment.

“Hillside waterworks help to recharge the water table, which is then drawn on by downstream catchment.”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The settlement of mountain areas on the basis of traditional water systems is a necessary condition to the hydrology of the lowlands and provides a hydrological foundation to traditional installations water systems.

“The settlement of mountain areas on the basis of traditional water systems is a necessary condition to the hydrology of the lowlands and provides a hydrological foundation to traditional installations water systems.(El-Amami 1983, 58-59)”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Traditional water systems shared complete technological expertise based on local know-how and materials and relative independence of the central authorities.

“Such systems shared a number of central characteristics.First was complete technological expertise based on local know-how and materials and … relative independence of the central authorities.”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The users themselves were entirely responsible for these water systems.

“Thus, the users themselves were entirely responsible for these water systemsan extremely important point in view of the fact that the new approach represents a break with this practice.”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Centralized development results in an inhuman, eroded agricultural region and community dependence on a technostructure born of the need to manage major works.

“As he noted, 'This concept of centralized development … results in an inhuman, eroded agricultural region and community dependence on a”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As Amami observed, existing research around 1977 was overall quite scarce concerning hydrological mechanisms at the level of micro-watersheds.

“However, as Amami elsewhere observed, in the context of applied experiments, existing research (c.1977) was overall quite scarce concerning hydrological mechanisms at the level of micro-watersheds.”

• cites El-Amami 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami noted several factors that led to the failure of run-off water experiments and contributed more broadly to the lack of studies of the dynamics of actual micro-watersheds.

“He noted several factors that led to their failure, and that contributed more broadly to the lack of studies of the dynamics of actual micro-watersheds, the appropriate scale for assessing the impact and suitability of dispersed and smaller hydraulic systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amin seemed to think that chemical inputs into farming could ensure perpetual productivity.

“And he seemed to think that chemical inputs into farming could ensure perpetual productivity.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Other Arab dependency theorists studied ecological and metabolic issues related to farming and industry more deeply than Amin, offering insights into how agro-ecology, 'traditional' farming systems, and delinking offer a solution for Third World development.

“Others, however, who worked within the same framework studied ecological and metabolic issues related to farming and industry much more deeply, offering insights into how agro-ecology, 'traditional' farming systems, and delinking offer a solution for Third World development.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami saw social structure, the state and the ideology of modernisation as the trident impaling the Tunisian countryside.

“He saw social structure, the state and the ideology of modernisation as the trident impaling the Tunisian countryside (El-Amami 1985).”

• cites El-Amami 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

If scaled up, traditional techniques offered the potential for productivity increases, surplus creation and more value remaining within the national sphere.

“If scaled up, they offered the potential for productivity increases, surplus creation and more value remaining within the national sphere.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami and Bahri suggested a conception in rupture with the conventional one, to elaborate technologies rehabilitating local practices and improving them, which because of their very decentralized character could better partake of extremely diffuse sources of energy of the arid and semiarid regions.

“In its place, they suggested a conception totally in a rupture with the conventional one, to elaborate technologies rehabilitating local practices and improving them, and which, because of 'their very decentralized character', could better partake of extremely diffuse sources of energy of the arid and semiarid regionsbiomass, sun, wind, etc. (El-Amami and Bahri 1980, 9)”

• cites El-Amami and Bahri 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amami advocated a peasant Prometheanism based on the endless inventiveness of the ancestral makers and feeders of Tunisia.

“He was an advocate of a peasant Prometheanism based on the endless inventiveness of the ancestral makers and feeders of Tunisia.14”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Technology and knowledge systems were the bases for accumulation from below, a widened internal market, stanching the bleeding-out of value and setting in motion a development programme based on technologies pre-selected to protect rather than pummel the ecology.

“In this way, technology and knowledge systems were the bases forin equal measureaccumulation from below, a widened internal market, stanching the bleeding-out of value and setting in motion a development programme based on technologies pre-selected to protect rather than pummel the ecology.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Because such animals and plants were bound to a place and an ecology, auto-centred technological development in the agricultural sector rested on the ingenuity of traditional farming systems.

“And because such animals and plants were bound to a place and an ecology, auto-centred technological development in the agricultural sector rested on the ingenuity of traditional farming systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Such petroleum use would entirely exhaust Tunisia's petroleum resources and still only equal half those of the Western countries.

“Such use would entirely exhaust the country's petroleum resources and still only equal half those of the Western countriesa poor copy, indeed.”

• cites El-Amami and Bahri 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin may have over-estimated the contribution, or at least the necessity, of external inputs to agricultural productivity increases, in China and more broadly.

“In particular, it seems he may have over-estimated the contribution, or at least the necessity, of external inputs to agricultural productivity increases, in China and more broadly.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin's ideas travelled farthest and had the widest currency.

“His ideas travelled farthest and had the widest currency.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Amin's ideas travelled farthest and had the widest currency.

It may state two separate claims as one.

At the dusk of Amin's life, he engaged with the rising movements for food sovereignty and agro-ecology, which he often saw as following a line of struggle originating in China and Vietnam, highlighting their role in a transition to a different world-system, and insisting on the contemporary relevance of the agrarian question to development trajectories.

“At the dusk of Amin's life, he engaged with the rising movements for food sovereignty and agro-ecology, which he often saw as following a line of struggle originating in China and Vietnam, highlighting their role in a transition to a different world-system, and insisting on the contemporary relevance of the agrarian question to development trajectories (Amin 2012, 21-24).”

• cites Amin 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The intellectual and material centralisation of the country's research establishments placed an obstacle in front of anyone who might wish to carry out local experiments.

“The intellectual and material centralisation of the country's research establishments placed an obstacle in front of anyone who might wish to carry out local experiments.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Amami saw that development had to be based on devolving power, not merely through political institutions, but through the physical apparatus of production itself.

“Amami saw that development had to be based on devolving power, not merely through political institutions, but through the physical apparatus of production itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The older systems rested on mostly un-systematised but clearly harmonised knowledge of micro-basins and micro-watersheds.

“The older systems rested on mostly un-systematised but clearly harmonised knowledge of micro-basins and micro-watersheds.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dowidar and Mansour sketched programmatic and practical paths for peasant-based or local manufacturing-based delinking.

“Turning their eye somewhat more closely to questions of technological development, Dowidar and Mansour sketched programmatic and practical paths for peasant-based or local manufacturing-based delinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Amami was in a class of his own vis-à-vis the move towards a fully modern technology that fit farming smoothly into ecological cycles.

“Meanwhile, Amami was in a class of his own vis-à-vis the move towards a fully 'modern' technology that fit farming smoothly into ecological cycles.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

This devolution could also devolve power to the peasants in ways counter to the dependency-inducing patterns in Tunisia.

“In this way, they could also devolve power to the peasants in ways counter to the dependency-inducing patterns in Tunisia.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In following earlier trajectories from East and Southeast Asia, Amin continued to place the poor people of the countryside at centre stage as the subject of the path to a nonimperialist and non-capitalist world-system.

“In following earlier trajectories from East and Southeast Asia, he continued to place the poor people of the countryside at centre stage as the subject of the path to a nonimperialist and non-capitalist world-system.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

In Kairouan in central Tunisia, a landscape of flood zones and small dams could have been consolidated and improved by deploying abundant labour.

“As he went on to write, in Kairouan in central Tunisia, a landscape of flood zones and small dams could have been 'consolidated and improved' by deploying abundant laboura constant in late-colonial and post-colonial Tunisia (El-Amami 1983, 62).”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

These water-collection technologies were the technologies most suited to a capital-scarce semi-arid and arid country.

“These were the technologies most suited to a capital-scarce semi-arid and arid country.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Because Amin did not devote his energy to economic ethnography or field surveys of peasant farming, he could not see ahead to any kind of peasant Prometheanism or its capacity to be the basis of a radical break with the technical package of capitalist agriculture.

“And because he did not devote his energy to economic ethnography or field surveys of peasant farming, he could not see ahead to any kind of peasant Prometheanism or its capacity to be the basis of a radical break with the technical package of capitalist agriculturealthough later on, his embrace of 'modern' farming technologies, while certainly equivocal, merits criticism.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Amami commented on the need to find data on precipitation and hydrology in micro-basins in order to establish when and where people should place meskats.

“He commented on the need to find data on precipitation and hydrology in micro-basins in order to establish when and where people should place meskats.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Such a political sociology and macro framework provide a crucial scaffolding for reinterpreting the flood of information on the developmental possibilities of agro-ecology, its promise for a different and better future for the poor and especially the rural poor of the formerly colonised world, and the need to put the national question front and centre.

“Such a political sociology and macro framework provide a crucial scaffolding for reinterpreting the flood of information on the developmental possibilities of agro-ecology, its promise for a different and better future for the poor and especially the rural poor of the formerly colonised world, and the need to put the national question front and centre.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Their vision of development under conditions of dependency prefigured resilience approaches to ecological management, anticipating latter-day agro-ecological social science proving that such farms spring back much faster from storms than do those under conventional agriculture.

“Their vision of development under conditions of dependency prefigured resilience approaches to ecological management, anticipating latter-day agro-ecological social science proving that such farms spring back much faster from storms than do those under conventional agriculture (Altieri and Nicholls 2017).”

• cites Altieri and Nicholls 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin excelled as a writer on development, but he did not delve into the minutiae of peasant technologies or traditional farming systems.

“Amin excelled as a writer on development, but he did not delve into the minutiae of peasant technologies or traditional farming systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

With the right technics and the right amount of social power, the Tunisian government could have solved employment crises, widened the internal market, and avoided some rural-urban migration.

“With the right technics (which would have required the right amount of social power to force the issue) the Tunisian government could have solved employment crises, widened the internal market, and avoided some of the rural-urban migration that in turn created seemingly unresolvable infrastructural and employment problems in the cities and eventually mass migration to France.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Rural-urban migration created seemingly unresolvable infrastructural and employment problems in the cities and eventually mass migration to France.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amin called for modern techniques adapted to the problems of the periphery.

“and called for 'modern' techniques adapted to the problems of the periphery”

• cites Amin 1974bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The point of departure was one of metabolic healing and agricultural intensification, to create a larger surplus.

“The point of departure was one of metabolic healing and agricultural intensification, to create a larger surplus.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

That consolidation could have occurred using local materials and without bringing in foreign technical attachés to engineer mammoth dams.

“That could have occurred using local materials and without bringing in foreign technical attachés to engineer mammoth dams.”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

It would have strengthened the decentralisation of the water system and worked towards a regional balance that would foster employment, stem rural depopulation and reduce water erosion.

“It would have strengthened the decentralisation of the water system and worked towards 'a regional balance that would foster the creation of employment, stemming rural depopulation and water erosion' (62).”

• cites El-Amami 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Without appropriate investigations, it is difficult to know how to build economic input-output models that could even theoretically examine the profitability of using surface waters for irrigation.

“But without the appropriate investigations, is it difficult to know, for example, how to build economic input-output models that could even theoretically examine the profitability of using surface waters for irrigation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

If Amin could not see the entirety of the necessary developmental path, he still illuminated its borders with a brilliant radiance, one unlikely to soon fade.

“If Amin could not see the entirety of the necessary developmental path, he still illuminated its borders with a brilliant radiance, one unlikely to soon fade.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Rainwater, much like solar energy, required technology in order to concentrate it in certain areas and make it suitable for human use.

“Rainwater, much like solar energy, required technology in order to concentrate it in certain areas and make it suitable for human use.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The indigenous waterworks of the region were the only option, in Amami's eyes, for stopping erosion and recharging plunging groundwater reservoirs.

“The indigenous waterworks of the region were the only option, in his eyes, for stopping erosion and recharging plunging groundwater reservoirs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Without precisely knowing the hydrology of micro-watersheds, it is impossible to assess whether and where to build indigenous waterworks.

“Without precisely knowing the hydrology of micro-watersheds, it is impossible to assess whether and where to build indigenous waterworks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

This milieu perhaps accounts for Amin's bending the stick in the other direction at certain junctures when it comes to ecological stewardship of the Third World and its possible conflicts with popular development.

“Perhaps this accounts for Amin's bending the stick in the other direction at certain junctures when it comes to ecological stewardship of the Third World and its possible conflicts with popular development.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This meant a radically different approach to nature, and a very different orientation to the skills and lives of the smallholders.

“This meant a radically different approach to nature, and a very different orientation to the skills and lives of the smallholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Like Amin, Dowidar and Mansour drew on the Chinese example.

“Like Amin, they drew on the Chinese example.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dowidar and Mansour also started to undermine the wall between intellectual and manual labour.

“They also started to undermine the wall between intellectual and manual labour.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The affinities with the Maoist model are plain even if tacit: local self-reliance, maximising the use of local labour, and in that way democratising consumption, all in the framework of a national-popular project oriented to a better future.

“It was not to be, but the affinities with the Maoist model are plain even if tacit: local selfreliance, maximising the use of local labour, and in that way democratising consumption, all in the framework of a national-popular project oriented to a better future.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In another essay written with Gachet, Amami urged the use of tools that nature put in our hands, which would require a battalion of scientists to understand those tools and how to improve them.

“In another essay, written with Gachet, Amami urged the use of tools 'that nature put in our hands', which would require a battalion of scientists to understand those tools and how to improve them (Gachet and El-Amami 1978, 12).”

• cites Gachet and El-Amami 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Amin later saw that technology and research follow a direction that accords with the requirements of the system.

“and later saw that technology and research 'follow a direction that accords with the requirements of the system'”

• cites Amin 1974bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.

The research of Amin, Dowidar, Mansour and Amami meshed neatly, whether implicitly or explicitly, with dependency.

“The research of all three meshed neatly, whether implicitly or explicitly, with dependency.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dowidar and Mansour saw that restoring the creativity of the people had to rest on a William Morris-style cherishing of the people as frustrated producers, pregnant with a blocked genius.

“They saw it was not merely abstract power that had to be devolved.Rather, restoring the creativity of the people had to rest on a William Morris-style cherishing of the people as frustrated producers, pregnant with a blocked genius.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amami saw that specific technological forms were woven into Tunisian agricultural capitalism, its tendency towards centralised and dependent research, and the national rejection of indigenous and ecologically appropriate technologies that indicated a path to an entirely different development pattern.

“What Amami saw was that specific technological forms were woven into Tunisian agricultural capitalism, its tendency towards centralised and dependent research, and the national rejection of the indigenous and ecologically appropriate technologies that indicated a path to an entirely different development pattern.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Each of them brings a further contribution and further strengths to the idea of national projects for the periphery, a constant concern of Amin, and one based on his notion that development-through-integration was impossible.

“Furthermore, each of them brings a further contribution and further strengths to the idea of national projects for the peripherya constant concern of Amin, and one based on his notion that development-through-integration was impossible.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Development-through-integration was impossible.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Amin always argued that the national question had to organise internal social, democratic or ecological planning.

“And he always argued that the national question had to organise internal social, democratic or ecological planning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Amin's delinking was the broadest example of a plan that did not merely criticise but sought to break from dependency.

“Amin's delinking was the broadest example of a plan that did not merely criticise but sought to break from dependency.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Amin's ideas travelled farthest and had the widest currency.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Using such resources would better allow Tunisia to manage its relations with the outside world, making them a matter of strategic choice rather than desperation and necessity.

“Again, using such resources would better allow for Tunisia to manage its relations with the outside world, making them a matter of strategic choice rather than desperation and necessity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Such notions are justly enjoying a contemporary renaissance.

“Justly, such notions are enjoying a contemporary renaissance (Ayeb and Bush 2019).”

• cites Ayeb and Bush 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Amin thought he had seen modernisation work in China, which had freed the land, continuously increased agricultural productivity, fed its people rice and assured them medical care, and exorcised the spectre of poverty in a single generation.

“He thought he had seen it work in China, which had freed the land, continuously increased agricultural productivity, fed its people rice and assured them medical care, and exorcised the spectre of poverty, all in a single generation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: China had freed the land, continuously increased agricultural productivity, fed its people rice and assured them medical care, and exorcised the spectre of poverty in a single generation.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Amami and Gachet called for a regional agricultural plan, decentralized and depending primarily on the mobilization of the creative will of peasants capable of moving mountains and living with droughts in order to limit havoc, as a real tool of development in the rural world.

“They called for a regional agricultural plan, decentralized and depending primarily on the mobilization of the creative will of peasants capable of 'moving mountains' and of defeating difficulties of all genres and of living with droughts in order to limit the havoc [which] could in this manner constitute a real tool of development in the rural world.(13)”

• cites Gachet and El-Amami 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.