Cited by 3,880Behavioral Health and InterventionsRisk Perception and ManagementMedia Influence and Health

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Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model

Witte, Kim·1992·Communication Monographs

DOI 10.1080/03637759209376276

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Abstract

The fear appeal literature is diverse and inconsistent. Existing fear appeal theories explain the positive linear results occurring in many studies, but are unable to explain the boomerang or curvilinear results occurring in other studies. The present work advances a theory integrating previous theoretical perspectives (i.e., Janis, 1967; Leventhal, 1970; Rogers, 1975, 1983) that is based on Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework. The proposed fear appeal theory, called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), expands on previous approaches in three ways: (a) by explaining why fear appeals fail; (b) by re‐incorporating fear as a central variable; and (c) by specifying the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms. Specific propositions are given to guide future research.

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Authors: Witte, K.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
Corresponding author: Witte, Kim
Venue: Communication Monographs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1992-12
Volume: 59
Issue: 4
Pages: 329-349
ISSN: 0363-7751 (ISSN-L)
1479-5787
DOI: 10.1080/03637759209376276
OpenAlex: W2017785078
Cited by: 3,880
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 249 · 2025: 250 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 258 · 2022: 296 · 2021: 363 · 2020: 254 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 193 · 2017: 176 · 2016: 156 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 146 · 2012: 91
FWCI: 11.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communication Monographs (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
Keywords: fear appeals, Extended Parallel Process Model, fear control, boomerang effect, curvilinear effects, persuasion theory, health communication

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Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model

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