The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Do Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Type Affect Energy Intake, Nutrient Intake, Nutrient Adequacy, and Diet Quality in Young Adults? NHANES 1999–2002
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed on energy/nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and diet quality. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2002. SUBJECTS: Young adults (20-39 years, n = 2615). MEASURES: A 24-hour dietary recall was used, with breakfast defined as self-reported. Covariate-adjusted sample-weighted means for the entire day's energy/nutrient intakes, mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for nutrient intakes, and diet quality (i.e., Healthy Eating Index [HEI]-2005) scores were compared using analysis of variance and Bonferroni's correction (p < 0.0167) among breakfast skippers (BS), ready-to-eat-cereal breakfast consumers (RTECC), and other breakfast consumers (OBC). Energy/nutrient intakes and food consumption at breakfast were also compared (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of young adults were BS, 16.5% were RTECC, and 58.4% were OBC. Intakes of total energy, percent energy from carbohydrate, and dietary fiber were higher in RTECC than in BS and OBC. Percent energy intake from added sugars was higher in BS than in RTECC and OBC. Compared with BS and RTECC, OBC consumed a lower percent energy from carbohydrates and total sugars, but consumed a higher percent energy from total fat and discretionary solid fats and had a higher cholesterol intake. Intakes of several micronutrients were higher in RTECC than in BS and OBC. Both MAR and total HEI scores were the highest in RTECC and higher in OBC than in BS. The HEI scores for intakes of whole fruits, total/whole grains, milk, and percent energy from solid fat/alcohol/added sugar were the highest in RTECC and higher in OBC than in BS. Compared with OBC, RTECC had a higher HEI score for the intake of saturated fat. At breakfast, RTECC consumed higher intakes of total fruits, whole grains, dairy products, carbohydrates and total sugars, dietary fiber, and several micronutrients than OBC, who consumed higher intakes of meat/poultry/fish, eggs, total fat, discretionary oils/solid fats, cholesterol, and sodium than RTECC. CONCLUSION: Thus, RTECC had more favorable nutrient intakes and better diet quality than BS and OBC.
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“However, only thirteen of these examined more than one micronutrient( 23 , 30 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 64 – 71 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“For example, eleven studies( 23 , 45 – 47 , 52 , 66 , 69 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 82 ) applied no additional criteria, whereas in other studies, EO were delineated using 15-min time intervals( 57 , 70 , 77 ), a 30-min interval( 53 ), a 45-min interval plus a 50 kcal (210 kJ) energy criterion( 15 ) and a 59-min interval (applied to meals only)( 48 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Meal patterns were mostly participant-identified( 15 , 23 , 45 – 48 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 82 ), although these studies varied in the additional criteria used to determine an individual EO, meal and/or snack, and their treatment of beverages.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Of the nine studies identified that examined associations between skipping breakfast and diet quality, six found a negative association( 22 , 23 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 94 ) and three found no association( 28 , 91 , 93 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The most common measure used to assess overall diet quality was a previously validated and reliability tested a priori diet quality index which reflects an individual's adherence to the dietary guidelines for the country of the sample population (for example, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Alternative HEI (AHEI) and the Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI))( 23 , 28 , 86 , 88 – 90 , 92 , 94 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Breakfast skipping was consistently associated with lower micronutrient intakes( 23 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ), even after adjustment for EI and other important confounders( 23 , 60 , 66 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
St-Onge, M.-P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476 · Cited by 728
Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379
The Role of Breakfast in Health: Definition and Criteria for a Quality Breakfast
O’Neil, C. E., Byrd‐Bredbenner, C., Hayes, D., Jana, L. A., Klinger, S. E., & Stephenson-Martin, S. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022 · Cited by 266
Deshmukh-Taskar, P., Nicklas, T. A., Radcliffe, J. D., O’Neil, C. E., & Liu, Y. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012004296 · Cited by 229
Self-citationThe Benefits of Breakfast Cereal Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base
Williams, P. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.006247 · Cited by 208
Metadata
- Authors
- Deshmukh-Taskar, P. R., Radcliffe, J. D., Liu, Y., & Nicklas, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Texas Woman's University (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nicklas, Theresa A
- ORCID
- Nicklas, Theresa A
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 407-418
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2074122173
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, ready-to-eat cereals, young adults, energy intake, nutrient intake, nutritional adequacy, diet quality, Healthy Eating Index, dietary fiber, added sugars, solid fats, cholesterol, micronutrients, dietary habits, 24-hour dietary recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Nutrition Assessment, Diet Records, Micronutrients, Young Adult, Self Report
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