The Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Recovery Following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence suggests beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate's (HMB) positive effects on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, findings vary substantially across studies.Objective: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to assess the effects of HMB supplementation on recovery following EIMD by assessing indirect markers of muscle damage, namely creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum levels among healthy participants.Method: A comprehensive search was performed on electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) up to October 2017 for trials evaluating the effects of HMB on recovery following EIMD. Mean ± standard deviation of follow-up CK and LDH concentrations were extracted to calculate the effect size for meta-analysis.Results: A total of 324 participants for CK and 229 participants for LDH were found from the 10 and 8 studies, respectively. The results revealed a significant effect of HMB supplementation on CK (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −60.71 UL−1; 95% confidence interval [CI], −78.12 to −43.29; I2 = 4.1%; pheterogeneity = 0.40) and LDH reduction (WMD = −15.42 UL−1; 95% CI, −22.2 to −8.6; I2 = 0.0%; pheterogeneity = 0.53). In addition, a subgroup analysis based on study duration (< 6 weeks vs. ≥ 6 weeks) suggested that HMB effectiveness on EIMD was statistically significant in studies over 6 weeks (p < 0.001).Conclusions: The current evidence revealed a time-dependent effect of HMB in reducing LDH and CK serum levels among adults. HMB, therefore, may be seen as a priority muscle damage recovery agent in interventions.
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HMB may be seen as a recovery agent following exercise-induced muscle damage.
“A recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Rahimi et al. (2018) concluded that HMB may be seen as a recovery agent following exercise-induced muscle damage [135]”
From The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates (2020) · cites this paper as [135]
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- Authors
- Rahimi, M. H., Mohammadi, H., Eshaghi, H., Askari, G., & Miraghajani, M.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mohammadi, Hamed
- Miraghajani, Maryam
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-04-20
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 640-649
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2800611477
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, HMB supplementation, exercise-induced muscle damage, muscle damage recovery, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum biomarkers, time-dependent effects, dietary supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Creatine Kinase, Humans, Valerates, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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