The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Influence of Chronotype, Season, and Sex of Subject on Sleep Behavior of Young Adults
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether sex, season, and/or chronotype influence the sleep behavior of university students. Detailed data were collected on activity/rest patterns by wrist actigraphy combined with diaries. Thirty-four medical students (19 female and 15 male) were monitored by Actiwatch actometers for 15 consecutive days in May and again in November. The data of a modified Horne and Ostberg chronotype questionnaire, which were collected from 1573 female and 1124 male medical school students surveyed in the spring and autumn over an eight-year period, were evaluated. Actiwatch sleep analysis software was used to process the activity data with statistical analyses performed with ANOVA. We found no significant sex-specific differences in sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, or actual sleep-time duration. However, we did find a difference in sleep efficiency between morning and evening types, with morning types having a higher sleep efficiency (87.9%, SD=1.3) than evening types (84.3%, SD=0.87%; p=0.007). Seasonal differences were also detected: the actual sleep-time duration in autumn was significantly longer (mean 6.9 h, SD=0.13 h) than in spring (6.6 h, SD=0.1 h; p=0.013). Evaluation of the chronotype questionnaire data showed that individuals with no special preference for morningness or eveningness (i.e., so-called intermediates) were most common. The distribution of chronotypes was related to the sex of subject. Men displayed eveningness significantly more often than women (28.9% males vs. 20.8% females; p<0.001), while females exhibited greater morningness (20.3% females vs.15.6% males; p<0.001). Sex influences chronotype distribution, but not actual sleep time-duration, sleep onset latency, or sleep efficiency. The latter, however, differed among chronotypes, while actual sleep-time duration was affected by season.
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“Some studies (48, 49) but not others (9, 24) found a greater prevalence of eveningness in men compared with women, who exhibit greater morningness.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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BackgroundChrono-Nutrition and Diet Quality in Adolescents with Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
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“Young adult E-types have lower sleep efficiency than M-types (Lehnkering & Siegmund, 2007) and shorter sleep duration during weekdays (e.g., Brooks et al., 2021).”
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“Contemporary evidence shows that young adults sleep for 7.5 hr during weekdays and 8.5 hr at the weekend (Carskadon & Dement, 2011; Lehnkering & Siegmund, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialChronotypes and their Association with Obesity-Related Lifestyle Behaviors among Young Female Adults
Abdullatif, R. A. A., Alkahtani, S. A., Finlayson, G., & Alhussain, M. H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021305 · Cited by 11
“Some studies have shown that age and gender have a role in influencing the chronotype [24,30].”
BackgroundResultAssociation of sleep behavior with depression: a cross-sectional study in northwestern China
Liu, J., Cao, S., Huo, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, B., Xu, K., Yang, P., Zeng, L., Dang, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1171310 · Cited by 10
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Garde, A. H., Hansen, Å. M., Persson, R., Österberg, K., Ørbæk, P., Karlson, B., Olsen, A., & Kristiansen, J. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365513.2014.913303 · Cited by 10
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“…al., 2016; Cade et al., 2016; Gottlieb et al., 2007; 2015; Lane et al., 2017; Marinelli et al., 2016; Ollila et al., 2014; Scheinfeldt et al., 2015; Spada et al., 2016), yet many of these phenotypes are independent of chrono-type (Jones et al., 2016; Lane et al., 2017; Lehnkering & Siegmund, 2007).”
Chronotype and Its Relationship with Sleep Quality among Professional Students at Indian University
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“Biologists have found that humans sleep longer when the day length is shorter (Lehnkering and Siegmund 2007).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Circadian Typology and Dry Eye Symptoms in Chinese College Students
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Effect of Chronotype on Sleep Quality in a Laboratory Setting
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“Endogenous rhythms may be measured, and an individual’s propensity to sleep at a certain time of day may be characterized by chronotype (20).”
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Ratnaningsih, N., Akbar, R. R. E., & Hidayat, E. (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012141 · Cited by 6
“Chronotype has shown to affect many aspects of everyday life such as sleeping behavior and other habits [5].”
BackgroundModerie, C., der Maren, S. V., Paquet, J., & Dumont, M. (2020) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s251743 · Cited by 6
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“This is confirmed for the female gender by most of the publications, regardless of the age groups studied [23, 24].”
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“We would address this chronotype difference based on previous observations that females tend to sleep and wake up earlier than males [30,31] and the effect of testosterone in shaping late chronotype among males [32].”
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“45,46 To rule out seasonal in fl uences, data from the patients and control population were collected during the same period.”
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“While some studies (Lehnkering and Siegmund 2007) have reported a higher prevalence of E-type in males and a higher prevalence of M-types in females, not all studies (BaHammam et al. 2011; Levandovski et al. 2013) have confirmed this pattern.”
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“…has been associated with poorer sleep quality in several sleep self-report studies (Fernández-Mendoza et al. 2009; Silva et al. 2020; Vardar et al. 2008; Walsh et al. 2022), actigraphy studies (Lehnkering and Siegmund 2007; Vitale et al. 2015) as well as clinical insomnia samples (Ong et al. 2007).”
Lin, C., Gamble, J. H., Yang, Y., & Wang, J.-S. (2012) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2012.6238549 · Cited by 3
“This research finding is similar to those of [5] and [6], where no differences in terms of sleep efficiency were found between morning types and evening types using Actiwatch®, Actigraph, and EEG measures.”
MethodResultCircadian Rhythm Disruptions and Health
Lahti, T. A. (2008) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 2
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“On the other hand, morningness chronotipology, being a significant predictor of sleep quality (Lehnkering and Siegmund 2007; Tonetti et al. 2013; Vollmer et al. 2017), also can explain the better sleep experience in self-awakeners.”
BackgroundNoh, H. L., Kwon, O. J., & Shim, E. (2021) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.4.220 · Cited by 2
“나아가 선행 연구는 여성이 남성에 비해 상대적으로 스트레스에 취약하여 소진에도 취약하다고 제안하였다[45].”
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Kohyama, J. (2009) · Cited by 1
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BackgroundCarrión, M. Á. B., Rol, M. A., & Madrid, J. A. (2013)
Circadian rhythms using an accelerometer-based sensor network
Lin, C., Gamble, J. H., Yang, Y., & Wang, J.-S. (2012) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2012.6241465
“This research finding is similar to those of [5] and [6], where no differences in terms of sleep efficiency were found between morning types and evening types using Actiwatch®, Actigraph, and EEG measures.”
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Cassol, C. M. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Clinical Associations of Chronotypes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Mental Disorders
Fares, S. (2016) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
Bazzoni, A. E. (2018) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Effect of diurnal aerobic intervention on indicators of body composition of young women
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BackgroundLuque Cobija, M. J., & Hernández Andrés, R. M. (2023) · Universitat de València eBooks · doi:10.7203/puv-oa-544-3
Genetic Polymorphisms of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors Associated with Human Disease
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“This is because it is known that there are sex differences not only in the pathophysiology of mood disorders [30], but also in circadian rhythms [31].”
BackgroundCirillo, F., Fernandes, M., Placidi, F., Izzi, F., Mercuri, N. B., & Liguori, C. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14451
“Considering that seasonal changes in the sleep pattern have been described among the adult population (Ferguson et al., 2021; Friborg et al., 2012; Lehnkering & Siegmund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2014; Titova et al., 2022), it has been hypothesized in the past years that sea-sonality can affect…”
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Koroma, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9e1826a6z700bz489czbfafz1066a261c90b
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“This contrasts with the majority of studies, in which males are found to be more evening types in younger years [5,15,17].”
ACTIVITY-REST AND SKIN TEMPERATURE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND SLEEP PATTERNS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING WOMEN
Leyden, K. L. (2015) · Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lehnkering, H., & Siegmund, R.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lehnkering, Hanna
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 875-888
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W1998610182
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 18.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- chronotype, sleep behavior, sex differences, seasonal variation, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, sleep duration, medical students, university students, intermediates
- MeSH terms
- Activity Cycles, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Seasons, Sex Characteristics, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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