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Influence of Chronotype, Season, and Sex of Subject on Sleep Behavior of Young Adults
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether sex, season, and/or chronotype influence the sleep behavior of university students. Detailed data were collected on activity/rest patterns by wrist actigraphy combined with diaries. Thirty-four medical students (19 female and 15 male) were monitored by Actiwatch actometers for 15 consecutive days in May and again in November. The data of a modified Horne and Ostberg chronotype questionnaire, which were collected from 1573 female and 1124 male medical school students surveyed in the spring and autumn over an eight-year period, were evaluated. Actiwatch sleep analysis software was used to process the activity data with statistical analyses performed with ANOVA. We found no significant sex-specific differences in sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, or actual sleep-time duration. However, we did find a difference in sleep efficiency between morning and evening types, with morning types having a higher sleep efficiency (87.9%, SD=1.3) than evening types (84.3%, SD=0.87%; p=0.007). Seasonal differences were also detected: the actual sleep-time duration in autumn was significantly longer (mean 6.9 h, SD=0.13 h) than in spring (6.6 h, SD=0.1 h; p=0.013). Evaluation of the chronotype questionnaire data showed that individuals with no special preference for morningness or eveningness (i.e., so-called intermediates) were most common. The distribution of chronotypes was related to the sex of subject. Men displayed eveningness significantly more often than women (28.9% males vs. 20.8% females; p<0.001), while females exhibited greater morningness (20.3% females vs.15.6% males; p<0.001). Sex influences chronotype distribution, but not actual sleep time-duration, sleep onset latency, or sleep efficiency. The latter, however, differed among chronotypes, while actual sleep-time duration was affected by season.
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“Some studies (48, 49) but not others (9, 24) found a greater prevalence of eveningness in men compared with women, who exhibit greater morningness.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Lehnkering & Siegmund (2007) studied the influence of chronotype on sleep behavior in young adults using actigraphs (Actiwatch actometers, CNT, Cambridge, UK): the results showed that there was a difference in sleep efficiency between M-types (87.9%, SD¼ 1.3”
InfluentialTonetti, L., Fabbri, M., & Natale, V. (2008) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520802394191 · Cited by 302
“…have been reported in some investigations (Greenwood, 1994; Neubauer, 1992), although in other studies involving large samples, women have been reported to be significantly more shifted toward morningness than men (Adan & Natale, 2002; Chelminski et al., 1997; Lehnkering & Siegmund, 2007).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Lehnkering, H., & Siegmund, R.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lehnkering, Hanna
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 875-888
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W1998610182
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 18.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- chronotype, sleep behavior, sex differences, seasonal variation, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, sleep duration, medical students, university students, intermediates
- MeSH terms
- Activity Cycles, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Seasons, Sex Characteristics, Sleep
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