The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 63 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students.
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study examined the feasibility of a prototype Web-based acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) program for preventing mental health problems among college students.Participants: Undergraduate first-year students (N= 76) participated between May and November 2011.Methods: Participants were randomized to ACT or a waitlist, with assessments conducted at baseline, posttherapy, and 3-week follow-up. Waitlist participants accessed the program after the second assessment.Results: Program usability/usage data indicated high program acceptability. Significant improvements were found for ACT knowledge, education values, and depression with ACT relative to waitlist. Subgroup analyses indicated that ACT decreased depression and anxiety relative to waitlist among students with at least minimal distress. Within the ACT condition, significant improvements were observed from baseline to 3-week follow-up on all outcome and process measures.Conclusions: Results provide preliminary support for the feasibility of a Web-based ACT prevention program.
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Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 25 Own interpretation · 24 No full text of the sources · 20 Own method · 5 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is a substantial literature base indicating psychological flexibility as a common protective factor in the development and exacerbation of a variety of psychological problems including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, stress, adjustment to traumatic experiences, adjustment to chronic medical conditions, school performance, employment performance, and burnout.18–20”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [19] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Research on ACT section (pp. 12–13) reports that greater psychological flexibility is associated with better mental-health outcomes and predicts better subsequent mental health, job performance, and outcomes in chronic pain. The claim extends that evidence to a specific list of problems; the passages do not establish the protective role for every item, notably eating disorders and school performance, and the paper characterizes much of the evidence as correlational. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Researchers have begun to develop and evaluate such programs, with promising results.15,16”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Supportedcites [16] source
In “Implementing Effective Population-Wide Change Strategies,” the paper describes the development of Triple-P and reports a randomized trial with favorable outcomes. The “Experimental Evaluations of Interventions to Increase Prosociality” section likewise reports positive results for evaluated school-based programs. These passages support the claim that researchers have begun developing and evaluating such programs with promising results. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A powerful possible target for a transdiagnostic prevention approach is psychological flexibility,17–19”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] source
The Acceptance and Commitment Therapy section (page not available) identifies increasing psychological flexibility as a goal of ACT. The Potential of Acceptance-Based Strategies section (page not available) describes these approaches as promising for preventing a wide range of human problems, supporting the proposed transdiagnostic target. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [19] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ACT/RFT theory of psychopathology (p. 6) presents psychological inflexibility as a broad source of psychological problems, and Six core processes of ACT (p. 7) says ACT targets those problems by increasing psychological flexibility. Research on ACT (p. 12) also suggests flexibility affects subsequent mental health. These passages support it as a possible target across problems, but our copy does not specifically propose a transdiagnostic prevention approach. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Program usability/usage data indicated high program acceptability.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant improvements were found for ACT knowledge, education values and depression with ACT relative to waitlist.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant improvements were found for ACT knowledge, education values and depression with ACT relative to waitlist.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant improvements were found for ACT knowledge, education values and depression with ACT relative to waitlist.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses indicated ACT decreased depression and anxiety relative to waitlist among students with at least minimal distress.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the ACT condition, significant improvements were observed from baseline to 3-week follow-up on all outcome and process measures.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses indicated ACT decreased depression and anxiety relative to waitlist among students with at least minimal distress.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Psychological flexibility/experiential avoidance can be targeted through acceptance and mindfulness-based interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)19 to produce improvements across a range of psychological problems.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] source
The Committed action section (p. 10) defines ACT as using mindfulness and acceptance processes to create psychological flexibility, while Acceptance (p. 7) describes acceptance as an alternative to experiential avoidance. The Discussion (p. 21) reports outcomes across a broad range of problems and says the processes targeted by ACT appear at least partly responsible. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Approximately 2 to 4% of young adult females acquire an eating disorder, with the peak age of onset between 16 and 20 years of age.4,5”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
- Partly supportedcites [5] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Prevalence Studies Using Self-Report Instruments section (p. 4) reports that 3.8% of women in a student sample met criteria for binge eating disorder, which lends limited support to the percentage. But this is prevalence of a specific disorder, not the proportion of young adult women who acquire any eating disorder. The passages on age (pp. 5–6) do not establish a peak onset between 16 and 20 years. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Previous studies have found that these subscales do not load onto a single latent variable and thus cannot be calculated as an overall total score.36”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 4 (page unavailable) reports separate correlations for the DASS depression, anxiety, and stress subscales. The factor analyses in Participants and procedure and Results and Discussion concern the AAQ-II, not whether the DASS subscales load onto one latent variable. A search for DASS factor structure and an overall total score found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The DASS has been found to have good reliability and validity in past research.36,37”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Measures section (page unavailable) includes the DASS among measures described as well-validated and widely used, supporting the validity part of the claim. It does not state that the DASS has good reliability; the reliability passages concern the AAQ-II instead. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Effective prevention programs exist for eating disorders,10 harmful alcohol use,11 and depression and anxiety disorders.12”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] source
Citation 11 supports the harmful-alcohol-use portion of the sentence, not the claims about eating disorders or depression and anxiety. The Discussion (section 4) reports that interventions reduced hazardous drinking among college students, with significantly less drinking through six months of follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Severe drinking problems are also common, with over 45% engaging in binge drinking3 and 20% experiencing an alcohol use disorder.1”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] source
The Results section reports that 20.37% of college students had an alcohol use disorder in the previous 12 months, supporting the cited claim's rounded figure of 20%. The separate binge-drinking figure is attributed to another citation. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mental health problems are highly prevalent in college with almost 50% of college students having a diagnosable psychiatric disorder (e.g., depressive, anxiety, substance use, eating disorders) within a given year.1”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that almost one-half of college students met DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder in the previous year; Table 2 gives the figure as 45.79%. The Method section lists mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders among the diagnoses assessed, but not eating disorders, so that example in the citing sentence is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Past research with college students indicates adequate internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of .87, .79 and .84 for the depression, anxiety and stress subscales.38”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [38] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages from the paper’s References section concern depression-prevention studies, not the DASS subscales. Searches for the DASS alpha values and for internal consistency in college students found no passage reporting the claimed values. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants appeared to be split when asked “What was the most important thing you learned from this program?” with 54% describing content from the values lesson and 46% from the acceptance lesson.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority logged onto the program twice (58.1%), with most others logging in 3 (21.6%) or 4 to 5 (16.3%) times.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although participants took 3.89 days on average to complete each lesson after it was made available (SD = 2.57), 85% completed both lessons within the designated 3-week intervention period.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean usability rating of ACT-CL on the SUS combining both ACT-CL and waitlist participants was 84.55 (SD = 10.91).”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding the tailored emails, 85.3% reported reading the emails and 69.0% of those who read the emails reported engaging in the suggested exercises.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HLM failed to converge for ACT knowledge, but MMRM analysis found a significant improvement over time on ACT knowledge, F(2, 33.28) = 29.56, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 1.88.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Within Group Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, within group findings were not replicated in the waitlist condition after using the website, with only ACT knowledge improving significantly from pre to post.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and depression, F(1, 30) = 6.23, p = .018, Cohen’s d = .91, in the ACT-CL condition relative to waitlist.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Between Group Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ACT knowledge questionnaire was based on existing knowledge questionnaires used in ACT bibliotherapy studies.29”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the absence of stress, people prone to avoiding unpleasant thoughts and feelings may have few problems. However, when encountering stress (such as developmental, social, financial, or academic stressors), they may lock into self-amplifying efforts to suppress unwanted thoughts and feelings, thus exacerbating their problems.18”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, ACT appears to be effective with non-clinical samples and can potentially reduce the onset of psychological problems.29”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nearly one-fifth of college students have suffered from depression in their lifetime and one-eighth from anxiety disorders in the last 12 months.2”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research summarized across 206 studies indicates that the SUS items load onto a single latent factor, have a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .91), and that the measure can be used to distinguish between more and less usable program.34”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Program content was adapted from empirically validated ACT treatment and self-help protocols for a variety of mental health problems, including non-clinical worksite and college student wellness programs.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > ACT-CL
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Severe drinking problems are also common, with over 45% engaging in binge drinking3 and 20% experiencing an alcohol use disorder.1”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Due in part to these issues, almost all higher education institutions have existing mechanisms to help freshmen with the transition to college, which can provide a framework for implementing a new prevention program.32”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were then randomized to the ACT-CL (n = 37) or waitlist condition (n = 39).”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Procedure
plainn = 37- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the large numbers of students who experience psychiatric disorders, the demand for counseling services on college campuses is high, which has created a challenge for campuses to meet the needs of the student body.8,9”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, many freshmen dropout for emotional/psychological reasons.31”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Empirically derived cutoff scores have been established for the SUS to identify below and above average program usability ratings.35”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a recent study found that an ACT self-help book produced improvements in mental health as well as reduced the incidence of clinical levels of distress at 2-month follow up relative to a waitlist condition among native Japanese students attending higher education in the US.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, suicide is a leading cause of death among college students.7”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implementing a full range of problem-specific programs would be complex, costly, and over-burden students.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants completed a second web-based survey 3 weeks after baseline.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Nearly one-fifth of college students have suffered from depression in their lifetime and one-eighth from anxiety disorders in the last 12 months.2”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cost of delivery, burden on staff resources, and training needs would all be reduced at the same time that the capacity to disseminate the program across the student body with greater convenience to participants would be increased.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SUS is a widely used 10-item scale designed to assess program usability and acceptability.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was high program utilization and system usability with the prototype program, attesting to the potential feasibility and acceptability of this approach with first year college students.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another explanation is that the within group data for the ACT-CL condition included 3 time points compared to only 2 time points in the waitlist condition.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly important given the lack of improvements observed in the waitlist condition after viewing the website.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of condition effects on psychological flexibility/experiential avoidance at post raises a concern”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A recent study with test anxiety found that ACT did as well as traditional cognitive behavioral methods in reducing anxiety but was superior in improving academic test performance.41”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a portion of students participated from other schools, including a local community college, the sample size was too small to determine if there were differences across types of institutions.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive patterns are known to become overextended in ways that elicit and support experiential avoidance (i.e., rumination, worry, problem solving), and cognitive defusion interventions in ACT are particularly crucial to increasing psychological flexibility (for a recent review of laboratory tests of cognitive defusion see Levin et al.42).”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levin et al.42
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The within group results in the ACT-CL condition were positive with medium to large effect sizes for all outcome and processes tested showing continued improvement over the three-week follow up.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A full program, with multiple modules targeting all aspects of ACT and supported by mobile applications and email features, holds out promise for a transdiagnostic program that could meet the needs of college students and institutions of higher education alike.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An intent-to-treat analytic approach was taken such that study dropouts were included in all analyses.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Data Analysis Plan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary results also suggest the program may have an impact on at least some mental health problems given the between group differences on depression symptoms as well as large effect sizes for ACT-CL on depression and anxiety symptoms among those with at least minimal symptoms.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The AAQ-II has been found to have adequate reliability and validity in past research, including in non-clinical college student samples, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .84 and a test-retest reliability of .81 at 3 month follow up.21”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outlier analyses identified an outlier in the ACT-CL condition who reported experiencing a major non-research related adverse event (accidental death of a close family member) during the program-testing phase. This participant was excluded from all reported analyses.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Data Analysis Plan
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Past research has also indicated adequate discriminant and convergent validity with the AAQ-II on measures of psychological distress, functioning, and related variables (i.e., thought suppression).21”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is above the cutoff for an “A” score (80.3), which represents the top 10% of program scores and those programs which people are likely to recommend to their friends.35”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > RESULTS > Program Usage and Usability
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggest that the program may be acceptable to, and impactful with, college freshmen.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was some attrition across assessment phases. Two participants (one from each condition) dropped out of the study after completing the baseline survey, reportedly because they were too busy with school. An additional participant in the ACT-CL condition dropped out before completing the third web-based survey also citing time constraints.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Data Analysis Plan
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pilot study was not designed to determine preventative effects per se and focused on a more limited range of mental health problems than befits the broader transdiagnostic goals of the program.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the emphasis at most universities on student retention and academic success, the ability to improve academic functioning may be an important institutional outcome above and beyond mental health prevention and amelioration.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 3 week test-retest reliability within the waitlist condition for the values variables used in the analyses were as follows: intrinsic/positive motivation for relationship values, r (36) = .55, p < .001, intrinsic/positive motivation for education values, r (36) = .57, p < .001, relationship values success, r (36) = .45, p < .001, education values success, r (36) = .73, p < .001.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be attributable to the limited treatment components included in the prototype program.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Studies have found that the DASS subscales accurately distinguish depressed and anxious clinical presentations.37”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, this may indicate simply a failure to replicate results, which is particularly a concern given the small sample size and less stringent significance cutoff (p < .10).”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ACT has also been shown to improve innovation at work,25 persistence in difficult tasks,42 social functioning,43 and exercise.44”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a methodological reflection of that purpose, follow up was short, no follow up was collected in the control group, and there was a focus on proximal programmatic outcomes.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The full ACT model includes considerably more elements than the two modules tested.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cronbach’s alpha for the current sample was .84.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Higher education already has an infrastructure for preventive and ameliorative programming through student orientation and success programs.
“An infrastructure exists in higher education to provide preventive and ameliorative programming through student orientation and success programs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Experiential avoidance is a key process affecting psychological flexibility.
“A key process that impacts psychological flexibility is experiential avoidance, the unwillingness to experience difficult emotions, thoughts, or sensations, even when avoiding these experiences is harmful.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pilot studies tend to be underpowered because resources are split between development and feasibility testing.
“Pilot studies such as the current one tend to be underpowered because resources and time have to be distributed between program development and conducting a feasibility trial to determine “proof of concept.””
The paper relies on this without support.
The full ACT model includes considerably more elements than the two modules tested.
“However, the full ACT model is composed of considerably more elements, including a focus on mindfulness, contact with the present moment, perspective taking, cognitive defusion (learning to notice a thought as a thought), and committed action.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“However, the change in the DASS-21 total score from baseline to post-assessment (–6.36) in our study was more significant than in the Levin study (–4.59).”
From Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Reducing Psychological Distress in Health Care Professionals: Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The two studies testing ACT as a transdiagnostic treatment found positive effects on depression and anxiety, but did not assess a broader range of problems (Levin et al., 2014;2015).”
From Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Mental Health Problems in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Some previous web-based ACT research with college students has similarly found a lack of effect with the AAQ-II suggesting it may be less sensitive to detecting treatment effects in this context (Levin et al., 2014).”
From Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Mental Health Problems in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The findings corroborate post-treatment outcomes of recent studies among non-clinical populations, which showed the efficacy of ACT selfhelp interventions in increasing general mental health compared to a wait-list condition (Jeffcoat & Hayes, 2012; Levin et al., 2014; Pots et al., 2016).”
From A randomised controlled trial of brief web-based acceptance and commitment Therapy on the general mental health, depression, anxiety and stress of college Students (2022) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Overall, initial results were promising with significant and large improvements in depression ( p = .001, d = 0. 97), anxiety ( p = .003, d = 0.95) and stress ( p = .001, d = 0.81) symptoms for those exposed to the intervention compared to the control group.”
From A randomised controlled trial of brief web-based acceptance and commitment Therapy on the general mental health, depression, anxiety and stress of college Students (2022) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“ACT has been used in digital interventions and has shown to be an efficacious and acceptable treatment for adults with anxiety disorders [23], and there is early support for therapist-guided and self-guided digital ACT-based effectiveness reducing anxiety in populations with anxiety disorders [24-26] and the general population [27-29].”
From Development and feasibility of a digital acceptance and commitment therapy⇓based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: Pilot acceptability study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This study reported improvements in depression (d=0.4), ACT knowledge (d=1.47), education values success (d=0.24) and positive emotions for education (d=0.51).”
From Novel ACT-based eHealth psychoeducational intervention for students with mental distress: A study protocol for a mixed-methodology pilot trial (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Crucially, the mentioned existing online ACT interventions for students are intensive courses of 40–45 min sessions and in some cases supported by a therapist or a computer program such as iACT, YOLO and ACT-CL.”
From Novel ACT-based eHealth psychoeducational intervention for students with mental distress: A study protocol for a mixed-methodology pilot trial (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For ACT-specific studies, longer, intensive online interventions (eg, 45 min each session, 6 sessions) have reported a 45% attrition,33 while shorter ACT online studies (eg, 15 min per session, 3 sessions) have reported as little as 8% attrition.31”
From Novel ACT-based eHealth psychoeducational intervention for students with mental distress: A study protocol for a mixed-methodology pilot trial (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several studies indicated that iACT can be efficacious for reducing anxiety symptoms in this population with moderate-to-large effects [46-48,50].”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two instances were identified where RCTs reported data from the same author [45-48]. In each instance, the 2 reports were assessed.”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These studies found promising results suggesting web-based ACT may be acceptable and helpful to students for improving academic success (Chase et al., 2013), preventing mental health problems (Levin et al., 2014) and as an adjunctive treatment along with counseling (Levin et al., 2015).”
From Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Mental Health Problems in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three published studies have been conducted on web-based ACT for college students specifically (Chase et al., 2013;Levin et al., 2014;2015).”
From Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Mental Health Problems in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Some previous web-based ACT research with college students has similarly found a lack of effect with the AAQ-II suggesting it may be less sensitive to detecting treatment effects in this context (Levin et al., 2014).”
From Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Mental Health Problems in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In many forms of psychopathology, psychological flexibility processes are diminished (Boulanger et al., 2010; Levin et al., 2014).”
From A randomised controlled trial of brief web-based acceptance and commitment Therapy on the general mental health, depression, anxiety and stress of college Students (2022) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The large effect sizes found in this study are comparable to similar studies investigating digital ACT-based interventions on anxiety and depression [27,29,73], but due to the low sample size these results are in need of replication with larger sample sizes.”
From Development and feasibility of a digital acceptance and commitment therapy⇓based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: Pilot acceptability study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is comparable to web-based ACT programs [27,29,62].”
From Development and feasibility of a digital acceptance and commitment therapy⇓based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: Pilot acceptability study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, RCT studies by Levin et al [47,50] found significant reductions in subclinical anxiety symptoms with unguided iACT.”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For instance, the first study by Levin et al [47] was a small feasibility trial that used a less conservative alpha level to determine significance (P<.10).”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This outcome contradicts the significant results of the earlier RCT study by Levin et al [47] that delivered the same iACT intervention without therapist guidance over 3 weeks.”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, 2 of these studies [46,47] had no therapist guidance, and the pilot study by Kelson et al [46] found significant subclinical anxiety reduction after 2 weeks.”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Results in 2 of these studies [47,48] were procured from online treatment using fewer ACT-based modules (2 to 3) than the other iACT studies (5 to 9).”
From Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review. (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A total of 3 interventions were automated, that is, no guide or coach was involved in the delivery of the therapeutic program [36,47,48] and the remainder were guided interventions”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Email reminders were included in 4 RCTs [46-48,52]”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Six RCTs reported a measure of participant satisfaction, of which, 2 focused on system usability [36,45-48,50].”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Four interventions [47,48,50,52] specified that they included stakeholders in the design and development process to address adherence, or specifically employed persuasive design features in a bid to encourage adherence and engagement.”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and without therapist guidance in 7 studies [13-19].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Of the 10 studies included, 4 (40%) were judged to be of low risk of bias [29,46,49,52], one (10%) of high risk [36], and an unclear risk of bias was assigned to 5 (50%) [45,47,48,50,51] of the included studies.”
From Effectiveness of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“r (36) = .45, p < .001”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Measures
Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .005
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upr(36) = 0.45reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .005
“r (36) = .45, p < .001”
- Consistentr(36) = 0.64reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“r (36) = .64, p < .001”
- Consistentr(36) = 0.55reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“r (36) = .55, p < .001”
- Consistentr(36) = 0.57reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“r (36) = .57, p < .001”
- Consistentr(36) = 0.73reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“r (36) = .73, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 72.23) = 2.87reported p = .095 · recomputed p = .095
“F(1, 72.23) = 2.87, p = .095”
- ConsistentF(1, 71.85) = 38.85reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 71.85) = 38.85, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 71.94) = 5.31reported p = .024 · recomputed p = .024
“F(1, 71.94) = 5.31, p = .024”
- ConsistentF(1, 72.01) = 4.62reported p = .035 · recomputed p = .035
“F(1, 72.01) = 4.62, p = .035”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 4.98reported p = .033 · recomputed p = .033
“F(1, 30) = 4.98, p = .033”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 6.23reported p = .018 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1, 30) = 6.23, p = .018”
- ConsistentF(2, 33.28) = 29.56reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 33.28) = 29.56, p < .001”
- Consistentt(36.14) = -8.2reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(36.14) = −8.20, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Data Analysis Plan
“Two participants (one from each condition) dropped out of the study after completing the baseline survey, reportedly because they were too busy with school. An additional participant in the ACT-CL condition dropped out before completing the third web-based survey also citing time constraints.”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Limitations
“It is worth noting that two of the four study dropouts were from the community college, suggesting the program may be less engaging for these students.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > COMMENT > Limitations
“It is worth noting that two of the four study dropouts were from the community college”
§ Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students > METHODS > Data Analysis Plan
“Two participants (one from each condition) dropped out of the study after completing the baseline survey, reportedly because they were too busy with school. An additional participant in the ACT-CL condition dropped out before completing the third web-based survey also citing time constraints.”
Citations
Cites
(1995) · Cited by 6,909
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · cited 2×
“For example, in lesson 2 users were provided an animation depicting the “passengers on the bus” metaphor, which is often used in ACT to discuss experiential avoidance, acceptance and values.(20) Lessons were also designed 170 to be highly interactive through a combination of worksheets to apply program content to one’…”
Self-citationAn Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale
Bangor, A., Kortum, P. T., & Miller, J. T. (2008) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310802205776 · Cited by 5,181
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874 · cited 2×
“Studies have found that the DASS subscales accurately distinguish depressed and anxious clinical presentations.(37) The Cronbach’s alpha in the current sample was .”
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950
Self-citationDepression Anxiety Stress Scales
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01004-000 · Cited by 2,416
Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students
Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008 · Cited by 1,949 · cited 1×
“Given the large numbers of students who experience psychiatric disorders, the demand for counseling services on college campuses is high, which has created a 50 challenge for campuses to meet the needs of the student body.(8,9) An infrastructure exists in higher education to provide preventive and ameliorative program…”
Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Wright, C., Hasin, D. S., Grant, B. F., Liu, S.-M., & Olfson, M. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1429 · Cited by 1,582
Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta- analysis
Öst, L.-G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005 · Cited by 727
Individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analytic review
Carey, K. B., Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Carey, M. P., & DeMartini, K. S. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.004 · Cited by 699
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- American College Health Association, 2012, American College Health Association–National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Data Report Fall 2011
- Turner J C, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association
- Gallagher R., 2011, National Survey of Counseling Center Directors
- Ruiz F J, 2010, Int J Psychol Psychol Ther, 10, 125
- Fledderus M, 2011, Psychol Med, 1
- Levin M E, 2012, Sex Addict Compuls, 19, 168
- Ciarrochi J, Presented at the Second World Conference on ACT, RFT, and Contextual Behavioural Science
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Spijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 975
Lattie, E. G., Adkins, E. C., Winquist, N., Stiles-Shields, C., Wafford, Q. E., & Graham, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12869 · Cited by 843
“A minority of studies used validated measures such as the System Usability Scale [65-67, 120”
Garrido, S., Millington, C., Cheers, D., Boydell, K., Schubert, E., Meade, T., & Nguyen, Q. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00759 · Cited by 400
“They were categorised as Low interaction (L) (43, 49, 53) if they had some limited interaction such as regular emails, text messages, or optional opportunities to contact a therapist, or No interaction (N) (52, 54, 56, 59, 74) if they did not involve any”
BackgroundInfluentialAcceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bai, Z., Luo, S., Zhang, L., Wu, S., & Chi, I. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040 · Cited by 321
“The overall goal of ACT is to increase psychological flexibility, which is the ability to be mindful of experiences in the present moment, in an accepting and nonjudgmental way, while behaving consistently with one's values, even when one's thoughts and feelings oppose taking valued action (Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub4 · Cited by 336
Metadata
- Authors
- Levin, M. E., Pistorello, J., Seeley, J. R., & Hayes, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Contextual Change (United States) (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Venue
- Journal of American College Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-12-07
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-30
- ISSN
- 0164-4300 (ISSN-L)
- 0744-8481
- 1940-3208
- PMC
- PMC3858823
- OpenAlex
- W2090082457
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of American College Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R43MH085336)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, online intervention, prevention programs, university students, depression, anxiety, mental health prevention, program feasibility, program acceptability, first-year students, psychological distress
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health, Students, Universities, Patient Satisfaction, Internet, Young Adult, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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