RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE DUTCH VERSION OF THE INVENTORY OF TRAUMATIC GRIEF (ITG)
Abstract
The psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG) were investigated in two studies with bereaved adults who had suffered the loss of a first-degree relative. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis indicated that the items of the ITG clustered together into one underlying factor. In addition, the internal consistency of the ITG and its short-term temporal stability were found to be high. In Study 2 it was found that the ITG exhibited adequate discriminative, concurrent, and construct validity. Furthermore, an ITG cutoff score for a diagnosis of traumatic grief was determined, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 76%, providing evidence in favor of the predictive validity of the ITG.
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Psychometric properties of the Dutch ICG-r are adequate.
“Psychometric properties of the Dutch ICG-r are adequate (Boelen et al. 2003).”
From Measuring experiential avoidance: reliability and validity of the Dutch 9-item Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) (2008) · cites this paper as Boelen et al. 2003
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“For example, the newer version was tested in the Netherlands, where a Dutch translation displayed good temporal stability (.92) over a period ranging from 9 to 28 days ( Boelen, Van den Bout, De Keijser, & Hoitjink, 2003 ).”
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Self-citationBoelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.2.277 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
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“92) over a period ranging from 9 to 28 days (Boelen, van den Bout, De Keijser, & Hoitjink, 2003 ).”
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“, 1995) or 30 (Boelen et al., 2003), it is notable that, on average, the responses of mothers and fathers reflected considerable distress for either gender.”
BackgroundMaciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20348 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationBoelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0744-0 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“The 29-item Dutch ICG-r has good psychometric properties [ 10 ].”
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“Complicated grief was measured with the Inventory of Trau- matic Grief.”
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“Boelen et al. / Journal of Affective Disorders 125 (2010) 374–378”
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“The Dutch ICG-R consists of 29 items measuring complicated grief symptoms.”
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“The mean score of these patients on the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (mean=91.62, SD=19.08) was significantly higher than the mean score found in a Dutch subclinical sample of 250 individuals who had lost a first-degree relative (mean=82.52, SD=20.14) (t=4.84, df=102, p 0.001) (4).”
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“…have demonstrated that the symptoms of CG are distinct from symptoms of MDD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Boelen et al., 2003a, 2003b; Melhem et al., 2004; Ogrodniczuk et al., 2003; Prigerson et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1996; Ritsher & Neugebauer, 2002).”
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“92) over a period ranging from 9 to 28 days (Boelen et al., 2003).”
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“Indicative of pathologic outcome were the following cutoff points: ICG: ≥90 (Boelen et al., 2003; Prigerson and Jacobs, 2001); IES: ≥26 (R.”
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“Instrument (author, year of publication) Included in Type/ number of items/ scale/ reference period Scales /Subscales Reliability/Validity Focus Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ) (Boelen et al., 2003) Wittouck et al. (2014) questionnaire/38/ 6-point rating scale/NR 9 subscales: global negative beliefs about the sel…”
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“Items for the CG factor were taken from the validated Dutch version of the ICG-r (Boelen et al., 2003).”
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“Although past research suggests that the ICG-R has a unidimensional structure ( Boelen et al. 2003b ), Prigerson and Jacobs (2001) have a drawn a distinction between symptoms of separation and traumatic distress and identified items on the ICG-R that tap into these two symptom clusters.”
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“Noteworthy also is that in studies by Boelen et al. (2003) and Prigerson, Maciejewski et al. (1995) scores on the Inventory of Complicated Grief were more strongly associated with quality of life impairments than were scores on the TRIG and that in Boelen et al.’s (2007) treatment study, symptoms…”
ResultSelf-citationde Groot, M., & Kollen, B. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5519 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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“R to establish clinically significant “caseness” for CG, using a commonly accepted cutoff score of 30 or more (Boelen et al., 2003; Keesee et al., 2008; Shear, Frank, Houch, & Reynolds, 2005).”
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“The Hebrew version was translated into English and back-translated into Hebrew to ensure comparability of the versions (Boelen, van den Bout, de Keijser, & Hoijtink, 2003 ).”
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“Prolonged grief levels ranged from non-clinical to clinical, with 56.0% of participants at T1 scoring above the cut-off of 25 on the summed 19 items of the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG: Prigerson et al., 1995), that are included in the ICG-R (Prigerson & Jacobs, 2001; Boelen et al., 2003).”
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“In both waves of the data collection, participants completed the Dutch Inventory of Complicated Grief– Revised (ICG-R; Boelen et al., 2003; original version by Prigerson and Jacobs, 2001).”
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“The English (Foa et al., 1993) and Dutch versions (Engelhard et al., 2007) have good psychometric properties.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBoelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2008) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9082-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Psychometric properties of the Dutch ICG-r are adequate (Boelen et al. 2003).”
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“The ICG-R has displayed high internal consistency ( a ¼ .94), r concurrent validity with another grief measure ( ¼ .71), 2-week and good test-retest reliability across about a 2-week interval ( r ¼ .92; 2003 Boelen, van den Bout, de Keijser, & Hoijtink, ).”
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“The Dutch version of the ICG-R consists of 29 items measuring prolonged grief symptoms.”
Self-citationThe Unfinished Business in Bereavement Scale (UBBS): Development and psychometric evaluation
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“Convergent validity has also been established with other grief measures (Boelen et al., 2003; Guldin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInstruments to Measure Outcomes in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Systematic Review
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Boelen, P. A. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800903494135 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Symptom levels of complicated grief were assessed with the Inventory of Complicated Grief-revised (ICG-r) developed by Prigerson and Jacobs ( 2001 ) and validated in Dutch by Boelen, van den Bout, De Keijser, and Hoijtink ( 2003 ).”
MethodSelf-citationAn evaluation of a suicide bereavement peer support program
Barlow, C. A., Waegemakers Schiff, J., Chugh, U., Rawlinson, D., Hides, E., & Leith, J. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481181003761435 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“This HGRC has been used internationally to examine components of peer support (Boelen, Van Den Bout, De Keijser, & Hoijtink, 2003 ; Kaunonen, Tarkka, Paunonen, & Laippala, 1999 ).”
MethodBoelen, P. A., & Klugkist, I. (2011) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.527335 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“@The mean score on the ICG-R, calculated as the summation of its 29 items, was 72.0 ( SD =22.2) and fell within the subclinical range (cf. Boelen et al, 2003 ).”
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Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.810098 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Korenromp, M. J., Page-Christiaens, G. C. M. L., van den Bout, J., Mulder, E. J. H., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Bilardo, C. M., Offermans, J. P. M., & Visser, G. H. A. (2005) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.1307 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Maladaptive symptoms of grief were measured by the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG) (Prigerson and Jacobs, 2001; Boelen et al., 2003), and symptoms of posttraumatic stress were measured by the Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-r) with the subscales intrusion, avoidance, and arousal (Horowitz et…”
BackgroundMethodBoelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.720 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Complicated Grief: Theoretical Underpinnings and Case Descriptions
Boelen, P. A. (2005) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020500193655 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“5 The Dutch version (Boelen et al, 2003c ) contains 29 items.”
Self-citationIntegrative Review of Emotional Care Following Perinatal Loss
Furtado-Eraso, S., Escalada-Hernández, P., & Marín-Fernández, B. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920954448 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“…on the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (Faschingbauer, Zisook, & DeVaul, 1987), indicating lower current grief feelings, and lower scores on the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (Boelen, Van den Bout, De Keijser, & Hoijtink, 2003), indicating lower symptoms of traumatic grief in the study group.”
BackgroundIs Rumination after Bereavement Linked with Loss Avoidance? Evidence from Eye-Tracking
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, W., & Boelen, P. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104980 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Studies in sub-clinical samples of bereaved individuals have corroborated the reliability and validity of the ICG-R [40].”
InfluentialSelf-citationAre normal and complicated grief different constructs? A confirmatory factor analytic test
Dillen, L., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Verhofstadt–Denève, L. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.590 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Schut, H. A. W., & Stroebe, M. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1229464 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBereavement-related regrets and unfinished business with the deceased
Holland, J. M., Plant, C. P., Klingspon, K. L., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1521106 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…internal consistency (Cronbach’s a 0.90; Boelen, van den Bout, de Keijser, & Hoijtink, 2003; Holland, Neimeyer, Boelen & Prigerson, 2009), good test-retest reliability (r¼ 0.92; Boelen et al., 2003), and convergent validity with other established grief measures (Holland, Nam, & Neimeyer, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychometric Properties of the Dutch Inventories of Prolonged Grief for Children and Adolescents
Spuij, M., Prinzie, P., Zijderlaan, J., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Dillen, L., de Roos, C., & Boelen, P. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.765 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationIntrusive images in grief: an exploratory study
Boelen, P. A., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.568 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLenferink, L., Eisma, M., de Keijser, J., & Boelen, P. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1378052 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“all measures used in the current study are (at least) adequate (Blevins et al., 2015; Boelen et al., 2003; Eisma, Stroebe et al., 2014; Eisma et al., 2012; Neff, 2003; Rush et al., 1996).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Mental Health of Visitors of Web-Based Support Forums for Bereaved by Suicide
Kramer, J., Boon, B., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., van Ballegooijen, W., Kerkhof, A., & van der Poel, A. (2015) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000281 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wittouck, C., Van Autreve, S., Portzky, G., & van Heeringen, K. (2014) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000252 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Psychopathology Among Homicidally Bereaved Individuals
van Denderen, M. Y., de Keijser, J., Kleen, M., & Boelen, P. A. (2013) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838013515757 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of psychological adjustment after bereavement
Onrust, S. A., Cuijpers, P. J., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206004248 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Traumatic or complicated grief was measured using the Inventory of Complicated Grief-revised (ICG-r) (Prigerson et al. , 1995b), a self-report questionnaire with good psychometric properties (Boelen et al. , 2003).”
MethodInclusion of Other in the Self and Breakup-Related Grief Following Relationship Dissolution
Boelen, P. A., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2010.519274 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The 29-item Dutch version has good psychometric properties (Boelen, van den Bout, de Keijser, & Hoijtink, 2003 ).”
MethodSelf-citationBoelen, P. A., Huntjens, R. J. C., van Deursen, D. S., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMcSpedden, M., Mullan, B., Sharpe, L., Breen, L. J., & Lobb, E. A. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2016.1210696 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“” Total scores range from 29 to 145; scores 90 and over indicate the presence of complicated grief (Boelen et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAn Item Response Theory Analysis of a Measure of Complicated Grief
Boelen, P. A., & Hoijtink, H. J. A. (2009) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180802602758 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“R are scored on 5-point scales with the categories ‘‘never,’’ ‘‘seldom,’’ ‘‘rarely,’’ ‘‘frequently,’’ and ‘‘always’’ (Boelen et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationvan Denderen, M. Y., de Keijser, J., Huisman, M., & Boelen, P. A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514555368 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Denderen, M., de Keijser, J., Stewart, R., & Boelen, P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2183 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDeterminants and Predictors of Grief Severity and Persistence: The Rotterdam Study
Milić, J., Muka, T., Ikram, M. A., Franco, O. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264317720715 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…a pilot study revealed that this sentiment had the same meaning within the Dutch language as the included item, “I feel anger over this person’s death” (Boelen et al., 2003) Two further items (relating to seeing and hearing the deceased) were collapsed into one due to their similarity after a…”
BackgroundDevelopment and initial validation of the job loss grief scale
van Eersel, J. H. W., Taris, T. W., & Boelen, P. A. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1619703 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“As noted, the JLGS was based on the ICG-R (Boelen et al., 2003).”
MethodSelf-citationvan der Geest, I. M. M., van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, M. M., Falkenburg, N., Michiels, E. M. C., van Vliet, L., Pieters, R., & Darlington, A. (2015) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2014.0287 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“92.(31) In order to explore the number of parents with clinically relevant traumatic grief, scores were dichotomized, based on a provided cut-off score for traumatic grief (i.”
Prolonged Grief, Posttraumatic Stress, Anger, and Revenge Phenomena Following Homicidal Loss
Boelen, P. A., van Denderen, M. Y., & de Keijser, J. (2015) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767915580674 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationde Groot, M., Neeleman, J., van der Meer, K., & Burger, H. (2010) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.425 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Association Between Reading and Emotional Development: A Systematic Review
Batini, F., Luperini, V., Cei, E., Izzo, D., & Toti, G. (2020) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v9i1.5053 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…32.07 years old (age: 17-73); 74.6% female Experimental: N=49 original text, N=40 without imagery, N=53 without foregrounding Interpersonal Reactivity Index Scale (IRI), - adapted scales (Davis, 1980, 1983); Traumatic Pain Inventory (ITG) - adapted scale (Boelen et al., 2003) scale created ad-hoc.”
MethodInfluentialLate-life bereavement and complicated grief: A proposed comprehensive framework
Shah, S. N., & Meeks, S. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.605054 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- BOELEN, P. A., DEN BOUT, J. V., DE KEIJSER, J., & HOIJTINK, H.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Venue
- Death Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-247
- ISSN
- 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7683
- OpenAlex
- W2020927515
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Death Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- traumatic grief, bereavement, psychometric properties, Dutch version, factor structure, internal consistency, temporal stability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, predictive validity, diagnostic thresholds, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Grief, Humans, Netherlands, Psychometrics, Wounds and Injuries, Reproducibility of Results
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