Short wavelength light administered just prior to waking: a pilot study

“The Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CESD (Radloff 1977)) was administered at screening.”

“…interview of depressive symptomatology (QIDS (Rush et al. 2003)), epworth sleepiness scale (ESS (Johns 1991)), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI (Buysse et al. 1989)), Horne-Östberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire (HOMEQ (Horne and Ostberg 1976)) and the systematic assessment for…”

“Perhaps the inclusion of a measure of positive affect (Watson et al. 1988) or quality of life (Ware and Sherbourne 1992) would have more fully addressed the issue of improvement related to bright light in this sample.”

“The quick interview of depressive symptomatology (QIDS (Rush et al. 2003)), epworth sleepiness scale (ESS (Johns 1991)), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI (Buysse et al. 1989)), Horne-Östberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire (HOMEQ (Horne and Ostberg 1976)) and the systematic assessment…”

“The quick interview of depressive symptomatology (QIDS (Rush et al. 2003)), epworth sleepiness scale (ESS (Johns 1991)), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI (Buysse et al. 1989)), Horne-Östberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire (HOMEQ (Horne and Ostberg 1976)) and the systematic assessment…”

“( 2002 ) found that the response to 500 nm and 480 nm were nearly equivalent.”

“More recently, melanopsin-producing retinal ganglion cells were discovered to be the primary mechanism through which environmental light is encoded as circadian information (Bellingham and Foster 2002; Hannibal 2002; Hattar et al. 2002; Panda et al. 2003).”

“Previous studies have suggested that reductions in depressive symptoms are particularly difficult to detect, especially in smaller samples with only mild symptoms (Fournier et al. 2010).”

“This finding was demonstrated in humans as well (Brainard et al. 2001).”

“Light masks did not improve mood Numerous studies have documented the effectiveness of bright light in altering mood in depressed (Golden et al. 2005; Even et al. 2008) and in non-depressed individuals (Kohsaka et al. 1999; Partonen and Lonnqvist 2000; Grandner et al. 2006).”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“More recently, melanopsin-producing retinal ganglion cells were discovered to be the primary mechanism through which environmental light is encoded as circadian information (Bellingham and Foster 2002; Hannibal 2002; Hattar et al. 2002; Panda et al. 2003).”

“Notably, Ham et al. (1976) found a 2–5-fold increase in risk of retinal damage from 480 nm light, relative to 500 nm light.”

“2007 ; Okawa and Uchiyama 2007 ; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009 ) and jet lag (Barion and Zee 2007 ; Morgenthaler et al.”

“…et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan et al. 2007; Gooley et al. 2008; Hanifin et al. 2008; Lockley 2008; Ackermann et al. 2009; Burkhart and Phelps 2009; Smith…”

“2003; Baker and Driver 2007 ; Danilenko and Samoilova 2007 ; Kripke et al.”

“Moreover, there are some indications that some green or yellow light is required along with blue light to optimally maintain activation of melanopsin (Gooley et al. 2010; Lall et al. 2010).”

“…end of this range (i.e. 500 nm) would be safer, since high intensity blue light can be harmful especially at the shortest visible wavelengths (Algvere et al. 2006; Reichow et al. 2006; Okuno 2008; Grandner and Gehrman Forthcoming) and there are no known, published reports of safety profiles…”

“It is possible that bright light in the very early morning might be particularly effective (Terman et al. 2001).”

“Actigraphic records were scored using empirically supported algorithms for determining sleep, supplemented with hand editing of scoring (Jean-Louis et al. 2001a, 2001b).”

“Moreover, there are some indications that some green or yellow light is required along with blue light to optimally maintain activation of melanopsin (Gooley et al. 2010; Lall et al. 2010).”

“More recently, melanopsin-producing retinal ganglion cells were discovered to be the primary mechanism through which environmental light is encoded as circadian information (Bellingham and Foster 2002; Hannibal 2002; Hattar et al. 2002; Panda et al. 2003).”

“Actigraphic records were scored using empirically supported algorithms for determining sleep, supplemented with hand editing of scoring (Jean-Louis et al. 2001a, 2001b).”

“…that is seasonal in nature (Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Boyce and Barriball 2010; Monteleone et al. 2010) as well as depression that is non-seasonal (Tuunainen et al. 2004; Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Even et al. 2008; Lieverse et al. 2011).”

“The rationale for comparing bright blue/green light to dim red light was to replicate the methodology of many previous studies in non-seasonal depression which used a bright light treatment versus a dim red placebo (Tuunainen et al. 2004).”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“…that is seasonal in nature (Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Boyce and Barriball 2010; Monteleone et al. 2010) as well as depression that is non-seasonal (Tuunainen et al. 2004; Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Even et al. 2008; Lieverse et al. 2011).”

“2007; Okawa and Uchiyama 2007; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009) and jet lag (Barion and Zee 2007; Morgenthaler et al. 2007; Sack et al. 2007; Arendt 2009; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009; Sack 2010).”

“Most of the studies of light on circadian rhythms and mood used bright white light, in an attempt to simulate the non-harmful components of sunlight (Rosenthal and Wehr 1992; Tam et al. 1995; Lam and Levitan 2000; Wehr 2001).”

“The peak spectral sensitivity of this system is approximately 480nm (Peirson and Foster 2009), confirming the finding, almost 20 years earlier, that light in this part of the spectrum is optimal for melatonin suppression (Brainard et al.”

“2008) and in non-depressed individuals (Kohsaka et al. 1999; Partonen and Lonnqvist 2000; Grandner et al. 2006).”

“1999 ; Barion and Zee 2007 ; Lack and Wright 2007 ; Morgenthaler et al.”

“Additionally, in individuals without clinically relevant circadian, sleep or mood disorders, bright light has been found to enhance functioning and quality of life (Campbell and Dawson 1990; Einon 1997; Jean-Louis et al. 2005; Grandner et al. 2006; Kaida et al. 2006).”

“However, past research has established red light as generally incapable of melatonin suppression (Brainard et al. 1984), while white light, as well as light near 480 nm, has been repeatedly shown to be effective (see above).”

“…time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al.…”

“…light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan et al. 2007; Gooley et al. 2008;…”

“…have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan et al.…”

“…of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan et al. 2007; Gooley et al. 2008; Hanifin et al. 2008;…”

“…an effective treatment for depression that is seasonal in nature (Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Boyce and Barriball 2010; Monteleone et al. 2010) as well as depression that is non-seasonal (Tuunainen et al. 2004; Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007;…”

“In circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, bright light is an effective treatment for delayed sleep phase disorder (Chesson et al. 1999; Barion and Zee 2007; Lack and Wright 2007; Morgenthaler et al. 2007; Okawa and Uchiyama 2007; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009) and jet lag (Barion and Zee 2007;…”

“…that is seasonal in nature (Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Boyce and Barriball 2010; Monteleone et al. 2010) as well as depression that is non-seasonal (Tuunainen et al. 2004; Golden et al. 2005; Terman and Terman 2005; Terman 2007; Even et al. 2008; Lieverse et al. 2011).”

“2007; Okawa and Uchiyama 2007; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009) and jet lag (Barion and Zee 2007; Morgenthaler et al. 2007; Sack et al. 2007; Arendt 2009; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009; Sack 2010).”

“lenses (Sletten et al. 2009).”

“Past studies have shown that light presented during the latter portion of sleep can be an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder (Avery et al. 1992, 2001; Golden et al. 2005).”

“2009 ; Burkhart and Phelps 2009 ; Smith and Eastman 2009 ; Smith et al.”

“In circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, bright light is an effective treatment for delayed sleep phase disorder (Chesson et al. 1999; Barion and Zee 2007; Lack and Wright 2007; Morgenthaler et al. 2007; Okawa and Uchiyama 2007; Bjorvatn and Pallesen 2009) and jet lag (Barion and Zee 2007; Morgenthaler et al.”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“More recently, melanopsin-producing retinal ganglion cells were discovered to be the primary mechanism through which environmental light is encoded as circadian information (Bellingham and Foster 2002 ; Hannibal 2002 ; Hattar et al.”

“Additionally, benefits may be more difficult to detect in men (Rochlen 2005; Rochlen et al. 2005).”

“Additionally, a slight mood improvement was detected by Cole et al. (2002), who found that masks generating light of 2700 lux produced a significant advance of the melatonin rhythm in subjects with delayed sleep phase disorder.”

“…of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan et al. 2007; Gooley et al. 2008; Hanifin et al. 2008;…”

“The timing of bright light administration plays a role in its physiological effect (Johnson 1999; Evans et al. 2007; Kripke et al. 2007).”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“Additionally, in individuals without clinically relevant circadian, sleep or mood disorders, bright light has been found to enhance functioning and quality of life (Campbell and Dawson 1990; Einon 1997; Jean-Louis et al. 2005; Grandner et al. 2006; Kaida et al. 2006).”

“1999 ; Barion and Zee 2007 ; Lack and Wright 2007 ; Morgenthaler et al.”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“Most of the studies of light on circadian rhythms and mood used bright white light, in an attempt to simulate the non-harmful components of sunlight (Rosenthal and Wehr 1992; Tam et al. 1995; Lam and Levitan 2000; Wehr 2001).”

“The timing of bright light administration plays a role in its physiological effect (Johnson 1999; Evans et al. 2007; Kripke et al. 2007).”

“Although closed eyelids will attenuate most of the light (Ando and Kripke 1996 ), enough light may penetrate to have a biologic effect (Ando et al.”

“Although this side effect was not statistically significant, it could be expected, as light sensitivity has been reported as a common side effect in earlier studies of bright light (Hebert et al. 2002).”

“However, several recent studies have demonstrated that no single opsin curve explains the entire spectral response (Gooley et al. 2010; Lall et al. 2010; Revell et al. 2010).”

“Urinary excretion was expected to closely reflect glandular secretion and functional circulating blood levels (Santner et al. 1981).”

“Additionally, benefits may be more difficult to detect in men (Rochlen 2005; Rochlen et al. 2005).”

“2008) and in non-depressed individuals (Kohsaka et al. 1999; Partonen and Lonnqvist 2000; Grandner et al. 2006).”

“Additionally, in individuals without clinically relevant circadian, sleep or mood disorders, bright light has been found to enhance functioning and quality of life (Campbell and Dawson 1990; Einon 1997; Jean-Louis et al. 2005; Grandner et al. 2006; Kaida et al. 2006).”

“Urine assays for FSH and LH are widely accepted for their clinical suitability (Clough et al. 1992; Lasley et al. 1994;Kesner et al. 1999).”

“2008) and in non-depressed individuals (Kohsaka et al. 1999; Partonen and Lonnqvist 2000; Grandner et al. 2006).”

“Since that time, a number of studies have found that narrow-band light with a wavelength of 480+20 nm may be optimal for biologic effect (Lockley et al. 2003; Warman et al. 2003; Herljevic et al. 2004, 2005; Wright et al. 2004; Revell et al. 2005, 2006; Campbell 2006; Glickman et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2006; Desan e…”

“Increasing evidence suggests that bright light presented in the morning hours may be optimal for treating both delayed sleep phase disorder (Lack and Wright 2007) and most depression (Avery et al. 1990, 2001, 2002; Youngstedt et al. 2004).”

“2003; Baker and Driver 2007 ; Danilenko and Samoilova 2007 ; Kripke et al.”

“Increasing evidence suggests that bright light presented in the morning hours may be optimal for treating both delayed sleep phase disorder (Lack and Wright 2007) and most depression (Avery et al. 1990, 2001, 2002; Youngstedt et al. 2004).”

“…be safer, since high intensity blue light can be harmful especially at the shortest visible wavelengths (Algvere et al. 2006; Reichow et al. 2006; Okuno 2008; Grandner and Gehrman Forthcoming) and there are no known, published reports of safety profiles of bright blue LEDs used for bright light…”

“…suggests that bright light, particularly light administered in the early morning, may stimulate production of gonadotropins, particularly follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Yoon et al. 2003; Baker and Driver 2007; Danilenko and Samoilova 2007; Kripke et al. 2010).”

“…suggests that bright light, particularly light administered in the early morning, may stimulate production of gonadotropins, particularly follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Yoon et al. 2003; Baker and Driver 2007; Danilenko and Samoilova 2007; Kripke et al. 2010).”

“This is supported by recent research showing that a similar light mask (also 500 nm narrow-band) was not effective in altering timing and duration of naps (Harrison et al. 2011).”

“Although no previous studies have systematically examined or reported safety data, these results are consistent with previous studies of light masks, which have indicated good compliance and low rates of drop-outs (Ando et al. 1999; Cole et al. 2002; Riesenberg et al. 2003).”

“Urine assays for FSH and LH are widely accepted for their clinical suitability (Clough et al. 1992; Lasley et al. 1994;Kesner et al. 1999).”

“Additionally, in individuals without clinically relevant circadian, sleep or mood disorders, bright light has been found to enhance functioning and quality of life (Campbell and Dawson 1990; Einon 1997; Jean-Louis et al. 2005; Grandner et al. 2006; Kaida et al. 2006).”

“…(i.e. 500 nm) would be safer, since high intensity blue light can be harmful especially at the shortest visible wavelengths (Algvere et al. 2006; Reichow et al. 2006; Okuno 2008; Grandner and Gehrman Forthcoming) and there are no known, published reports of safety profiles of bright blue LEDs…”

“light prior to waking No change in sleep between conditions Actigraphy, PSQI, self-report [31]”

“Light-detecting neurons in the circadian system have response characteristics suitable for detection of slow changes in light intensity and spectrum during twilight (Usui 2000; Grandner et al. 2013; Endo et al. 2015).”

“Evidence from the laboratory, field and subject matter experts support the notion that exposure to light during sleep episodes is disruptive to sleep quality and quantity [12-14, 29, 41-49].”

“…sleep differences between the green and red bright light conditions in adolescents with delayed sleep–wake phase disorder, and Grandner et al. also failed to detect actigraphic sleep differences between the 10,000-lux short wavelength and dim red light conditions in depressed college students [43].”