Spectral Responses of the Human Circadian System Depend on the Irradiance and Duration of Exposure to Light
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Light resets the circadian clock through a non–image-forming receptor system—or so it was thought; now, cone photoreceptors are shown to also participate.
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For irradiances between 2E12 and 1.5E14 photons/cm2/s, blue (460 nm) light outperforms green light (555 nm) in phase-shifting effects, whereas blue light yields smaller phase-shifts than green light of identical photon density at lower intensities (2.5E11-2E12 photons/cm2/s).
“Interestingly, a recent study indicated that for irradiances between 2E12 and 1.5E14 photons/cm2/s, blue (460 nm) light does in fact outperform green light (555 nm) in phase-shifting effects, whereas blue light yields smaller phase-shifts than green light of identical photon density at lower intensities (in the 2.5E11-2E12 photons/cm2/s range) [34].”
From Low-intensity blue-enriched white light (750 lux) and standard bright light (10 000 lux) are equally effective in treating SAD. A randomized controlled study (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCones contribute to non-visual effects of light, though at a different time scale than the ipRGCs.
“Indeed, there is evidence that cones do contribute, though at a different time scale than the ipRGCs [42].”
From Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Interestingly, a recent study indicated that for irradiances between 2E12 and 1.5E14 photons/cm2/s, blue (460 nm) light does in fact outperform green light (555 nm) in phaseshifting effects, whereas blue light yields smaller phaseshifts than green light of identical photon density at lower intensities (in the 2.5E11-2…”
BackgroundAnsaldi, F., Zancolli, M., Durando, P., Montomoli, E., Sticchi, L., Del Giudice, G., & Icardi, G. (2010) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.030 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nagare, R., Plitnick, B., & Figueiro, M. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153518763003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
What keeps us awake?–the role of clocks and hourglasses, light, and melatonin
Cajochen, C., Chellappa, S., & Schmidt, C. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)93003-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Functional decoupling of melatonin suppression and circadian phase resetting in humans
Rahman, S. A., St Hilaire, M. A., Gronfier, C., Chang, A., Santhi, N., Czeisler, C. A., Klerman, E. B., & Lockley, S. W. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp275501 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationRevell, V. L., Barrett, D. C. G., Schlangen, L. J. M., & Skene, D. J. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.516048 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kron, M. A., Metwali, A., Vodanovic-Jankovic, S., & Elliott, D. (2013) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00594-12 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Light therapy: is it safe for the eyes?
Brouwer, A., Nguyen, H. ‐., Snoek, F. J., van Raalte, D. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Moll, A. C., & Bremmer, M. A. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12785 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Evening Light Intensity and Phase Delay of the Circadian Clock in Early Childhood
Hartstein, L. E., Diniz Behn, C., Wright, K. P., Akacem, L. D., Stowe, S. R., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221134330 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Are short (blue) wavelengths necessary for light treatment of seasonal affective disorder?
Anderson, J. L., St Hilaire, M. A., Auger, R. R., Glod, C. A., Crow, S. J., Rivera, A. N., Fuentes Salgado, S. M., Pullen, S. J., Kaufman, T. K., Selby, A. J., et al. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1207660 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dorsey, S. G., Schiffman, R., Redeker, N. S., Heitkemper, M., McCloskey, D. J., Weglicki, L. S., & Grady, P. A. (2014) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2014.06.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Barger, L. K., Wright, K. P., Burke, T. M., Chinoy, E. D., Ronda, J. M., Lockley, S. W., & Czeisler, C. A. (2014) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSt. Hilaire, M. A., Kristal, B. S., Rahman, S. A., Sullivan, J. P., Quackenbush, J., Duffy, J. F., Barger, L. K., Gooley, J. J., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52930-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomy of the Mammalian Circadian System
Gooley, J. J., & Saper, C. B. (2017) · Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00033-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationShort wavelength light administered just prior to waking: a pilot study
Grandner, M. A., Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J., & Cole, R. (2013) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2011.632578 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Moreover, there are some indications that some green or yellow light is required along with blue light to optimally maintain activation of melanopsin (Gooley et al. 2010; Lall et al. 2010).”
Background
- Authors
- Gooley, J. J., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Brainard, G. C., Kronauer, R. E., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lockley, Steven W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2010-05-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 31ra33-31ra33
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC4414925
- OpenAlex
- W2133026008
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 13.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32 HL 07901, T32HL007901)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045130, MH45130)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS36590, R01NS036590)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR 02635, M01RR002635)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (AT002129, R01AT002129)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, circadian photoreception, cone photoreceptors, melanopsin, melatonin suppression, blue light, green light, light intensity dependence, exposure duration, phototherapy, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Adolescent, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Humans, Light, Melatonin, Phototherapy, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins, Photoperiod, Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells, Young Adult
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