The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) has been hypothesised to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there are few studies reported on tests measuring visuo-spatial WM (VSWM) in ADHD. Some of these studies used paradigms including episodic memory, others only used low memory loads. In the present study we used a VSWM test that has not been used previously in ADHD research. The sensitivity of the VSWM test and a choice reaction time (CRT) test was evaluated in a pilot study by comparing them to two commonly used tests in ADHD-research; the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a Go/no-go test, in children with and without ADHD. The groups differed significantly in performance on the VSWM test (P < .01) and CRT (P < .05) but not on the CPT (P > .1) or on the Go/no-go test (P > .1). The results from the VSWM and CRT tests were replicated in a larger sample of participants (80 boys; 27 boys with ADHD and 53 controls, mean age 11.4 years). The difference between the groups was significant for both the VSWM test (P < .01) and the CRT test (P < .01). The effect size (ES) of the VSWM test was 1.34. There was a significant age-by-group interaction on the VSWM test, with larger group differences for the older children (P < .01). Our results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM is a major component of ADHD.
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“Furthermore, low WM capacity is comorbid with learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004).”
From Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Westerberg et al., 2004
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Cites
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Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · cited 2×
“In search of the underlying causes of ADHD it has been suggested that it could be useful to identify endophenotypes (measurable cognitive characteristics), that underlie manifest behaviour (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002).”
BackgroundReasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
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Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
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“It is also well known that WM functioning is dependent on dopamine (Williams & Goldman-Rakic, 1995), which is consistent with the association of ADHD with atypical dopaminergic transmission (Cook et al., 1995).”
BackgroundTraining of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.6.781.8395 · Cited by 1,225
Self-citationEngle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195
Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.
Cook, E. H., Stein, M. A., Krasowski, M. D., Cox, N. J., Olkon, D. M., Kieffer, J. E., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 995
The Role of Working Memory in Visual Selective Attention
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1056496 · Cited by 924
Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade
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Constantinidis, C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44982-6.00010-7
Descloux, V., Ruffieux, N., Gasser, A.-I., & Maurer, R. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108331
(2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/9781394259083.refs
Knight, K. (2012) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
FUJITA, H., & Maekawa, H. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Special Education · doi:10.6033/tokkyou.49.713
Stelzer, F., Cervigni, M., & Mazzoni, C. (2013) · Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología
Happel, C. (2009) · The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)
Hirvikoski, T. (2011) · Figshare
Self-citation(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118941430.refs
Neural circuits and processes of working memory
Zhu, J., & Constantinidis, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00057-7
Moret, A., & Mazeau, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76280-2.00003-x
Szabó, C., Honbolygó, F., & Csépe, V. (2014) · Pszichológia · doi:10.1556/pszicho.34.2014.1.1 · Cited by 2
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76280-2.09978-6
Rowland, J. E. (2013) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
Évaluation du TDAH chez l’adulte : le TDAH de Marie-Pier
Richard, C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77539-0.00003-7
Borodyanskaya, M. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News · doi:10.1521/capn.2015.20.6.6
Herre, J. L. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Renewed interest in working memory
Klingberg, T. (2009)
Self-citationArbetsminnesförmåga hos klienter med missbruk i kombination med ADHD eller schizofreni
Glantz, J., & Månsson, E. (2015) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-161
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2131694981
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visuospatial working memory, working memory deficits, children, test sensitivity, choice reaction time, continuous performance test, go/no-go task, cognitive impairment, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Predictive Value of Tests, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Space Perception, Sweden, Task Performance and Analysis, Visual Perception, Reproducibility of Results
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