The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) has been hypothesised to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there are few studies reported on tests measuring visuo-spatial WM (VSWM) in ADHD. Some of these studies used paradigms including episodic memory, others only used low memory loads. In the present study we used a VSWM test that has not been used previously in ADHD research. The sensitivity of the VSWM test and a choice reaction time (CRT) test was evaluated in a pilot study by comparing them to two commonly used tests in ADHD-research; the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a Go/no-go test, in children with and without ADHD. The groups differed significantly in performance on the VSWM test (P < .01) and CRT (P < .05) but not on the CPT (P > .1) or on the Go/no-go test (P > .1). The results from the VSWM and CRT tests were replicated in a larger sample of participants (80 boys; 27 boys with ADHD and 53 controls, mean age 11.4 years). The difference between the groups was significant for both the VSWM test (P < .01) and the CRT test (P < .01). The effect size (ES) of the VSWM test was 1.34. There was a significant age-by-group interaction on the VSWM test, with larger group differences for the older children (P < .01). Our results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM is a major component of ADHD.
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“Furthermore, low WM capacity is comorbid with learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004).”
From Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Westerberg et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Fuster, J. M. (1997) · Cited by 2,095
Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory
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Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · cited 2×
“In search of the underlying causes of ADHD it has been suggested that it could be useful to identify endophenotypes (measurable cognitive characteristics), that underlie manifest behaviour (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002).”
BackgroundReasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810
Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
Williams, G. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376572a0 · Cited by 1,593 · cited 1×
“It is also well known that WM functioning is dependent on dopamine (Williams & Goldman-Rakic, 1995), which is consistent with the association of ADHD with atypical dopaminergic transmission (Cook et al., 1995).”
BackgroundTraining of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.6.781.8395 · Cited by 1,225
Self-citationEngle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195
Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.
Cook, E. H., Stein, M. A., Krasowski, M. D., Cox, N. J., Olkon, D. M., Kieffer, J. E., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 995
The Role of Working Memory in Visual Selective Attention
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1056496 · Cited by 924
Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade
Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00366.x · Cited by 776
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949
Self-citationIs working memory training effective?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027473 · Cited by 1,101
“By the account of Westerberg et al. (2004), performance on this task should reflect the ability to sustain attention, and improvement would thus signal a decrease in inattentive symptoms.”
BackgroundNagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929041920441 · Cited by 794
Self-citationMacDonald, S. W. S., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.011 · Cited by 664
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648
Metadata
- Authors
- Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-161
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2131694981
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visuospatial working memory, working memory deficits, children, test sensitivity, choice reaction time, continuous performance test, go/no-go task, cognitive impairment, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Predictive Value of Tests, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Space Perception, Sweden, Task Performance and Analysis, Visual Perception, Reproducibility of Results
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