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Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) has been hypothesised to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there are few studies reported on tests measuring visuo-spatial WM (VSWM) in ADHD. Some of these studies used paradigms including episodic memory, others only used low memory loads. In the present study we used a VSWM test that has not been used previously in ADHD research. The sensitivity of the VSWM test and a choice reaction time (CRT) test was evaluated in a pilot study by comparing them to two commonly used tests in ADHD-research; the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a Go/no-go test, in children with and without ADHD. The groups differed significantly in performance on the VSWM test (P < .01) and CRT (P < .05) but not on the CPT (P > .1) or on the Go/no-go test (P > .1). The results from the VSWM and CRT tests were replicated in a larger sample of participants (80 boys; 27 boys with ADHD and 53 controls, mean age 11.4 years). The difference between the groups was significant for both the VSWM test (P < .01) and the CRT test (P < .01). The effect size (ES) of the VSWM test was 1.34. There was a significant age-by-group interaction on the VSWM test, with larger group differences for the older children (P < .01). Our results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM is a major component of ADHD.
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“Furthermore, low WM capacity is comorbid with learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004).”
From Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Westerberg et al., 2004
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Development of a superior frontal–intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory
Klingberg, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.019 · Cited by 370
“The capacity measured with this task develops throughout childhood and early adulthood, and task performance is also a sensitive measure of the cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Martinussen, Hayden, Hogg-Johnson, & Tannock, 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNoreika, V., Falter, C. M., & Rubia, K. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.036 · Cited by 339
A Controlled Trial of Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents with ADHD
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Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Robaey, P., Chen, S., Ickowicz, A., & Barr, C. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9075-2 · Cited by 293
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Thorell, L. B., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01022.x · Cited by 314
“The tests used to assess the memory domain were: a visuo-spatial grid task (Bergman Nutley, Sçderqvist, Bryde, Humphreys & Klingberg, 2010; Westerberg et al., 2004), the Odd One Out from the Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA; Alloway, 2007) and the Word Span test (Thorell & W hlstedt, 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationChanges in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis
Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041 · Cited by 259
Self-citationBrieber, S., Neufang, S., Bruning, N., Kamp‐Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Fink, G. R., & Konrad, K. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01799.x · Cited by 253
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Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249
“Klingberg and colleagues (Westerberg et al., 2004) interpret this variability as an indication that children with ADHD cannot allocate attention to a task consistently.”
BackgroundSpencer‐Smith, M. M., & Klingberg, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119522 · Cited by 254
“For example, teacher ratings on the Attentional Control scale from the DuPaul ADHD rating scale rather than teacher ratings on the Total score from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were included in analyses [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDarki, F., & Klingberg, T. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht352 · Cited by 212
“Impaired WM capacity is associated with several developmental neuropsychiatric and learning disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Nigg 2001; Westerberg et al. 2004; Martinussen et al. 2005) and dyscalculia (McLean and Hitch 1999; Camos 2008; Szucs et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationStimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Sikström, S., & Söderlund, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.1047 · Cited by 205
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Vestergaard, M., Madsen, K. S., Baaré, W. F. C., Skimminge, A., Ejersbo, L. R., Ramsøy, T. Z., Gerlach, C., Åkeson, P., Paulson, O. B., & Jernigan, T. L. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21592 · Cited by 181
“Executive functions like working memory are considered essential for performing goal-oriented behaviors, and SWM deficits have been associated with behavioral disorders in children such as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Corbett, Constantine, Hendren, Rocke, & Ozonoff, 2009 ; Goldberg et al…”
BackgroundAttention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes
Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.11.010 · Cited by 182
Brain Activity Related to Working Memory and Distraction in Children and Adults
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“Working memory (WM) capacity (Gathercole 1999; Fry and Hale 2000; Luna and others 2004; Westerberg and others 2004) and the ability to ignore interference (Tipper and others 1989; Dempster 1992; Hale and others 1997; Ridderinkhof and others 1997) increase during childhood development.”
Self-citationEffects of working memory training on functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow during rest
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.09.007 · Cited by 162
“…with reduced WMC, which include Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and aging (Baddeley, 2003; Broyd et al., 2009; Goldman-Rakic, 1994; Sambataro et al., 2010; Steele et al., 2007; Westerberg et al., 2004; Wingfield et al., 1988).”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of the COMT genotype on working memory and brain activity changes during development
Dumontheil, I., Roggeman, C., Ziermans, T., Peyrard-Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.027 · Cited by 165
“visuospatial WM impairments (65), lead to increased cortical thick-”
Self-citationBrocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x · Cited by 151
Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01681-y · Cited by 148
Thome, J., Ehlis, A.-C., Fallgatter, A. J., Krauel, K., Lange, K. W., Riederer, P., Romanos, M., Taurines, R., Tucha, O., Uzbekov, M., et al. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.690535 · Cited by 130
“These functions include working memory (Schweitzer et al. 2000; Westerberg et al. 2004; Klingberg et al. 2005), problem solving (Tucha et al. 2011), planning (Sergeant et al. 2002; Willcutt et al. 2005), concept formation (Lawrence et al. 2004; Antshel et al. 2010), impulsivity (Willcutt et al.…”
BackgroundThe cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis
Aksayli, N. D., Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2019) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2019.04.003 · Cited by 123
Edin, F., Macoveanu, J., Olesen, P., Tegner, J. N., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.750 · Cited by 125
“Working memory (WM), the ability to temporarily maintain visuospatial information in mind, is a key cognitive function that underlies other cognitive abilities such as complex reasoning, and undergoes significant maturation during childhood and adolescence (Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, & Wearing, 2004; Westerberg,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMills, K. L., Bathula, D., Dias, T. G. C., Iyer, S. P., Fenesy, M. C., Musser, E. D., Stevens, C. A., Thurlow, B. L., Carpenter, S. D., Nagel, B. J., et al. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00002 · Cited by 108
“Deficits in spatial working memory have been proposed as a core mechanism in ADHD (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Nigg, 2005), are extensively studied, and appear to yield among the largest effect sizes of any cognitive measure www.frontiersin.org January 2012 | Volume 3 |…”
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“EF tasks i) Visuo-spatial working memory test (Spanboard; [43]; 5 minutes).”
MethodKelly, C. A. M., Margulies, D. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0052-4 · Cited by 80
“Despite the consistency of ADHD-related behavioral decrements in spatial working memory, as discussed by Westerberg et al. [ 16 ], the neural correlates of such decrements remain in need of considerable further study.”
BackgroundEffects of methylphenidate on working memory components: influence of measurement
Bedard, A., Jain, U., Johnson, S. H., & Tannock, R. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01760.x · Cited by 81
“Individuals with ADHD are impaired in WM, particularly in VS storage and manipulation (Martinussen et al., 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDopamine, working memory, and training induced plasticity: Implications for developmental research.
Söderqvist, S., Nutley, S. B., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Humphreys, K., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026179 · Cited by 80
Self-citationGeladé, K., Bink, M., Janssen, T. W. P., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0902-x · Cited by 82
“Results of the VSWM revealed a main effect of time on the forward and backward condition.”
MethodBrocki, K. C., Randall, K. D., Bohlin, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701754720 · Cited by 71
“The task is a modified version of the visuospatial WM task used by Klingberg and colleagues in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and studies of diagnosed ADHD children ( Klingberg, 2006 ; Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004 ).”
MethodGibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Steeger, C. M., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Morrissey, R. A. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.551186 · Cited by 71
The Role of Neuropsychologic Tests in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Pineda, D. A., Puerta, I. C., Aguirre, D. C., García-Barrera, M. A., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2007) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.02.002 · Cited by 69
Exploring N -Back Cognitive Training for Children With ADHD
Jones, M. R., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Shah, P. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718779230 · Cited by 64
van der Fels, I. M. J., Smith, J., de Bruijn, A. G. M., Bosker, R., Königs, M., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224219 · Cited by 76
“An adapted version of a Visuospatial Memory task was used to assess visuospatial working memory [57,58].”
MethodAge-related differences in frontal lobe function in children with ADHD
Yasumura, A., Omori, M., Fukuda, A., Takahashi, J., Yasumura, Y., Nakagawa, E., Koike, T., Yamashita, Y., Miyajima, T., Koeda, T., et al. (2019) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2019.03.006 · Cited by 63
Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Greater Precision in the Lower Capacity Ranges
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640903325741 · Cited by 66
“Several neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with deficits in VSWM ( Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, Klingberg, 2004 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Al-Amin, M. M., Zinchenko, A., & Geyer, T. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.007 · Cited by 65
Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Lange, K. W., Hauser, J., Lange, K. M., Makulska-Gertruda, E., Takano, T., Takeuchi, Y., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0132-3 · Cited by 62
“2005), working memory (Klingberg et al. 2005; Schweitzer et al. 2000; Westerberg et al. 2004), planning (Willcutt et al.”
BackgroundMethodPROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING FOR EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS
Decker, S. L., Hale, J. B., & Flanagan, D. P. (2013) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21675 · Cited by 61
Sowerby, P., Seal, S., & Tripp, G. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710370674 · Cited by 59
Forssberg, H., Fernell, E., Waters, N., Waters, N., & Tedroff, J. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-40 · Cited by 64
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Hamamouche, K. A., & Cordes, S. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1561-3 · Cited by 66
From Clinical Application to Cognitive Enhancement: The Example of Methylphenidate
Busardò, F. P., Kyriakou, C., Cipolloni, L., Zaami, S., & Frati, P. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150407225902 · Cited by 59
“Although, the most recent findings suggest that impairments in visuospatial WM (VSWM) is common to individuals with ADHD [29, 49], there is a limited number of studies investigating the effectiveness of MPD on VSWM in children with ADHD [50, 51].”
BackgroundLenartowicz, A., Lu, S., Rodriguez, C., Lau, E. P., Walshaw, P. D., McCracken, J. T., Cohen, M. S., & Loo, S. K. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.023 · Cited by 65
“…show medium to large effect sizes (Alderson et al., 2013; Boonstra et al., 2005; Kofler et al., 2013; Loo et al., 2007; Martinussen et al., 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004; Willcutt et al., 2005), and neuroimaging evidence indicates that patients with ADHD differ in fronto-parietal, or so called…”
BackgroundWorking Memory Training in Post-Secondary Students with ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Study
Mawjee, K., Woltering, S., & Tannock, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137173 · Cited by 56
“Designed initially to improve the documented visuospatial span deficits inWM in children with ADHD [11, 12], the standard CWMT program uses an adaptive algorithm that continually adjusts task difficulty on a trial-by-trial basis to match the individual’s current WM capacity to ensure that the trainee is always maximal…”
MethodGeladé, K., Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1072-1 · Cited by 55
“The results of the sensitivity analyses for the VSWM task for both conditions were similar to those obtained in the main analyses.”
MethodA dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey
Oikonomidis, L., Santangelo, A. M., Shiba, Y., Clarke, F. H., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2017) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22446 · Cited by 54
“Within the domain of cognitive symptoms, schizophrenia patients also display impairments in working memory (Green, 1996), which are also a core symptom of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Westerberg et al., 2004; Lee and Park, 2005; Martinussen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartin, L. M., Aring, E., Landgren, M., Hellström, A., & Grönlund, M. A. (2008) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01189.x · Cited by 54
“It has also been suggested that impaired visuo)spatial working memory is a major component of ADHD (Westerberg et al. 2004).”
BackgroundArousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Martella, D., Aldunate, N., Fuentes, L. J., & Sánchez‐Pérez, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01991 · Cited by 56
“…al., 2014), verbal WM (Berlin et al., 2004; Brocki et al., 2008; Kasper et al., 2012; Martinussen et al., 2005), non-verbal WM (Berlin et al., 2004; Westerberg et al., 2004; Martinussen et al., 2005; Re et al., 2010; Sowerby et al., 2011; Kasper et al., 2012), self-regulation (Braaten and Rosén,…”
BackgroundInfluentialStevenson, M. P., & McNaughton, N. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.003 · Cited by 51
Bellander, M., Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., Karlsson, S., Fürth, D., Bergman, O., Eriksson, E., & Bäckman, L. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.021 · Cited by 48
Self-citationHiroi, N. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12641 · Cited by 43
CLEMENTS, K., & WAINWRIGHT, P. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.016 · Cited by 44
(2011) · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.007 · Cited by 45
“Across-trials IIV has received the most attention, having been linked to aging (Hultsch et al., 2002), as well as to disorders such as ADHD (e.g., Westerberg et al., 2004), dementia (e.g., Hultsch et al., 2000), and schizophrenia (e.g., Winterer et al, 2004).”
BackgroundWorking memory training improves emotional states of healthy individuals
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00200 · Cited by 49
Patros, C. H. G., Alderson, R. M., Lea, S. E., Tarle, S. J., Kasper, L. J., & Hudec, K. L. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.016 · Cited by 43
Barnes, J. J., Nobre, A. C., Woolrich, M. W., Baker, K., & Astle, D. E. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0101-16.2016 · Cited by 42
“A child’s working memory capacity is an excellent predictor of their educational progress (Gathercole et al., 2004), and impairments in working memory are increasingly seen as core to numerous neurodevelopmental disorders (Westerberg et al., 2004; Martinussen et al., 2005).”
Backgroundvan Ewijk, H., Weeda, W. D., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.003 · Cited by 39
“, 2014), and implies that abnormalities in VSWMrelated brain activation do not catch up, but also do not worsen when children with ADHD grow into adulthood (in contrast to one other study; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
ResultInfluentialEEG correlates of visual short-term memory as neuro-cognitive endophenotypes of ADHD
Wiegand, I., Hennig‐Fast, K., Kilian, B., Müller, H. J., Töllner, T., Möller, H., Engel, R. R., & Finke, K. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.011 · Cited by 41
“, 2011) – in line with working memory deficit models of ADHD (Alderson et al., 2013; Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Engelhardt et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultStanford, E., Durrleman, S., & Delage, H. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0238 · Cited by 39
Thissen, A. J. A. M., Rommelse, N. N. J., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., van Lieshout, M., Franke, B., Oosterlaan, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001153 · Cited by 42
Söderlund, G. B. W., Björk, C., & Gustafsson, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01331 · Cited by 36
“Spanboard; 5 min (Westerberg et al., 2004).”
Finke, K., Schwarzkopf, W., Müller, U., Frodl, T., Müller, H. J., Schneider, W. X., Engel, R. R., Riedel, M. J., Möller, H., & Hennig‐Fast, K. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024944 · Cited by 37
Puppets, robots, critics, and actors within a taxonomy of attention for developmental disorders
Dennis, M., Sinopoli, K. J., Fletcher, J. M., & Schachar, R. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080983 · Cited by 36
“Children with P-ADHD often have response inhibition deficits (Barkley, 1997; McLean et al., 2004; Nigg, 2003; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Rhodes et al., 2005; Schachar et al., 1995; Westerberg et al., 2004), especially on the stop signal task (Figure 3; Willcutt et al.”
Preliminary evidence for the feasibility of at-home online cognitive training with older adults
Gigler, K. L., Blomeke, K., Shatil, E., Weıntraub, S., & Reber, P. J. (2013) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2013.12.1.007.00 · Cited by 39
Spronk, M., Vogel, E. K., & Jonkman, L. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062673 · Cited by 34
“Prior studies that provided evidence for lower VSWM span in ADHD especially during late childhood/adolescence, included subjects that were not matched on IQ [9,20].”
BackgroundGullick, M. M., Sprute, L. A., & Temple, E. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.10.003 · Cited by 36
Wojtowicz, M. A., Berrigan, L. I., & Fisk, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073-14.2.77 · Cited by 31
Application of the Dual-Component Model of Working Memory to ADHD
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Flies, A. C., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Nash Unsworth, A. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903146958 · Cited by 37
“In addition, Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, and Klingberg (2004 ) measured performance on a spatial serial-recall task in both ADHD and non-ADHD individuals as a function of age (which ranged from 8 to 15 years).”
BackgroundMethodNejati, V. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102759 · Cited by 33
Gau, S. S., & Chiang, H. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.005 · Cited by 34
Yan, L., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Cortese, S. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012623 · Cited by 34
Does Physical Contact with a Dog or Person Affect Performance of a Working Memory Task?
Gee, N. R., Friedmann, E., Coglitore, V., Fisk, A., & Stendahl, M. (2015) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2015.1052282 · Cited by 28
A systematic review of executive cognitive function in intimate partner violent offenders
Humenik, A. M., Grounds, Z. K., Mayer, H. M., & Dolan, S. L. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101407 · Cited by 35
Wojtowicz, M. A., Omisade, A., & Fisk, J. D. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000027 · Cited by 28
Is working memory capacity fixed?
Klingberg, T. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.07.004 · Cited by 32
Self-citationNyman, A. H., Taskinen, T., Grönroos, M. A., Haataja, L. M., Lähdetie, J., & Korhonen, T. T. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410375001 · Cited by 31
Effect sizes in ANCOVA and difference‐in‐differences designs
Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., Zejnullahi, R., & Diaz, K. G. (2023) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12296 · Cited by 25
Cockcroft, K. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2011.634545 · Cited by 37
Working Memory: From Neural Activity to the Sentient Mind
Jaffe, R. J., & Constantinidis, C. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210005 · Cited by 33
Altered frontal pole development affects self-generated spatial working memory in ADHD
Arai, S., Okamoto, Y., Fujioka, T., Inohara, K., Ishitobi, M., Matsumura, Y., Jung, M., Kawamura, K., Takiguchi, S., Tomoda, A., et al. (2015) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2015.11.005 · Cited by 25
Matsuura, N., Ishitobi, M., Arai, S., Kawamura, K., Asano, M., Inohara, K., Fujioka, T., Narimoto, T., Wada, Y., Hiratani, M., et al. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-014-0032-5 · Cited by 25
“shown, children with ADHD have no difficulty in retaining spatial information [18].”
BackgroundLarochette, A.-C., Harrison, A. G., Rosenblum, Y., & Bowie, C. R. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr033 · Cited by 23
Correlation of Motor Abilities and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD
Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2015.1038746 · Cited by 27
Takeuchi, A., Ogino, T., Hanafusa, K., Morooka, T., Oka, M., Yorifuji, T., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.18926/amo/51865 · Cited by 26
“No significant effect of any of the 3 symptom scales on the span score of the VST or the VWT was found.”
MethodInfluentialPredicting the reading skill of Japanese children
Ogino, T., Hanafusa, K., Morooka, T., Takeuchi, A., Oka, M., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2016) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2016.08.006 · Cited by 23
Dovis, S., Marić, M., Prins, P. J. M., & der Oord, S. V. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-019-00308-5 · Cited by 26
Vinette, S. A., & Bray, S. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.004 · Cited by 26
“Visual-spatial attention and working memory mature across ate childhood and adolescence (Westerberg et al., 2004; Zhan et al., 011).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Working Memory Training on Children’s Cognitive and Noncognitive SkillsPreprint
Berger, E., Fehr, E., Hermes, H., Schunk, D., & Winkel, K. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3622985 · Cited by 25
FRONTO-PARIETAL CONNECTION ASYMMETRY REGULATES WORKING MEMORY DISTRACTIBILITY
Edin, F., Klingberg, T., Stödberg, T., & Tegner, J. N. (2007) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635207001702 · Cited by 22
“The importance of WM is demonstrated in several diseases of cognition, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease, where WM deficits are found [5–8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function, and impairments of working memory
Bajor, G. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.883900 · Cited by 22
“They concluded that their results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM are a major component of ADHD [50].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInattention, Working Memory, and Goal Neglect in a Community Sample
Elisa, R. N., Balaguer‐Ballester, E., & Parris, B. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01428 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-161
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2131694981
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visuospatial working memory, working memory deficits, children, test sensitivity, choice reaction time, continuous performance test, go/no-go task, cognitive impairment, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Predictive Value of Tests, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Space Perception, Sweden, Task Performance and Analysis, Visual Perception, Reproducibility of Results
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