Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity--as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test--was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Klingberg et al. (2002) had very small groups (7 children each) and was severely underpowered.
“However, there are some obvious weaknesses in this study: the group sizes (7 children per group) are tiny – this study is, like many other studies in this area, severely underpowered.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer” (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In Klingberg et al. (2002), observed differences might stem from unequal task duration between groups rather than adaptive working memory training.
“Another problem with the design of this study is that any differences found as a result of training may reflect differences in the duration of the computerized tasks performed by the two groups, rather than being effects of adaptive working memory training per se.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer” (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which had only 7 subjects per group.
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer” (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
While some studies show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not.
“However, while some studies [84,85] show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not (e.g. [86], reviewed in e.g. [87]).”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks.
“Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks [84–86].”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In studies [85] and [86], only incongruent trials were used as outcome measure and baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score.
“but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score)”
Studies [85] and [86] found differential effects on the STROOP.
“([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP”
In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD (but only one of these studies corrected for multiple testing).
“In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD [21], [84], [85], [86], [23] (but note that only one of these studies [21] corrected for multiple testing).”
Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD.
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
The idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals is not supported.
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002;Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
From The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
Cites
The g factor: the science of mental ability
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2443 · Cited by 2,760 · see citing works
Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
Fuster, J. M. (1997) · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
Buonomano, D. V., & Merzenich, M. M. (1998) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149 · Cited by 2,083 · see citing works
Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1987) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010509 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning
Kami, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377155a0 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works
Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., Janer, K. W., & Raichle, M. E. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.256 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Recanzone, G., Schreiner, C., & Merzenich, M. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-01-00087.1993 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S. S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5245.81 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.891 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Adults with Hyperactivity of Childhood Onset
Zametkin, A. J., NORDAHL, T. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., Semple, W. E., Rumsey, J. M., Hamburger, S., & Cohen, R. M. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199011153232001 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the stroop test
Bench, C. J., Frith, C., Grasby, P. M., Friston, K. J., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90147-r · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205276 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvanced progressive matrices : sets I and II
Raven, J. (1962) · H. K. Lewis eBooks · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Acquisition of a memory skill.
Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7375930 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Prabhakaran, V., Smith, J. A., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1997) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1997.0659 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00711 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Lowe, C., & Rabbitt, P. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00036-0 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Sohlberg, M. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Pavese, A., Heidrich, A., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;ft656 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., Polcari, A. M., Glod, C. A., Maas, L. C., & Renshaw, P. F. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/74737 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Mariani, M. A., & Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649709540671 · Cited by 316 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Among the cognitive deficits in this disorder, WM impairment is of central impor- tance (Barkley, 1997; Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, & Ste- venson, 2001; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Rapport, Chung, Shore, Denney, & Isaacs, 2000; Wester- berg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, sub- mitted) and has been…”
Schweitzer, J. B., Faber, T. L., Grafton, S. T., Tune, L. E., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. D. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.278 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD
TEICHER, M. H., ITO, Y., GLOD, C. A., & BARBER, N. I. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00015 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Working Memory and Severe Learning Difficulties
Hulme, C., & Mackenzie, S. (1992) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 228 · see citing works
On the theory and practice of improving short-term memory.
Ec, B., & Wambold, C. L. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Verbal Working Memory Development and its Disorders
Hulme, C., & Roodenrys, S. J. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01297.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Rapport, M. D., Chung, K., Shore, G., Denney, C. B., & Isaacs, P. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2904_8 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Salinsky, M., Storzbach, D. M., Dodrill, C. B., & Binder, L. M. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701755075 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effects of practice on character-classification performance.
Kristofferson, M. W. (1972) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082415 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Klingberg, T. (2000) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26009-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., Bray, N. W., & Wilcox, B. L. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035798 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Kenya Standardization of the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices
Costenbader, V. K., & Ngari, S. M. (2001) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034301223003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of practice on recognition memory of mildly mentally retarded adults.
Phillips, C. J., & Nettelbeck, T. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
Self-citationIs working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028228 · Cited by 1,782 · see citing works
“…A1 (continued) Study author & year Age (years) E (C) Design Participant characteristics Control treatment Program type Training duration Klingberg et al. (2002) 11.0 (11.4) Pre–post nonrandomized ADHD (mix of medicated and nonmedicated) Treated with computerized program (but for…”
MethodInfluentialTraining and plasticity of working memory
Klingberg, T. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.002 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Self-citationResearch on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516 · Cited by 1,569 · see citing works
“…evidence in the literature with older children who suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that using attention training methods can produce improvement in the ability to concentrate and in general intelligence (Kerns et al. 1999, Klingberg et al. 2002, Shavlev et al. 2003).”
Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development?
CASEY, B., TOTTENHAM, N., LISTON, C., & DURSTON, S. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
“Investigators are already beginning to take advantage of this approach in investigating the impact of behavioral and cognitive interventions on developmental disorders such as dyslexia [51,52] and attention deficit‐ hyperactivity disorder [ 53 ].”
Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory
Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1165 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
“Adaptive and intensive training of working memory over a 5-week period leads to improved performance and a generalization of the training effect to nontrained tasks that are related to working memory and reasoning and are known to activate the prefrontal corte”
BackgroundSelf-citationDo “brain-training” programs work?
Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2016) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100616661983 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Is working memory training effective?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027473 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention
Rueda, M. R., Rothbart, M. K., McCandliss, B. D., Saccomanno, L., & Posner, M. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506897102 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Best, J. R. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2010.08.001 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
“Second, the computer training not only improved performance on the trained games but also transferred to novel EF tasks, including inhibition tasks (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Olesen et al., 2004), and working memory tasks (Thorell et al., 2008).”
Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children
Thorell, L. B., Lindqvist, S., Bergman Nutley, S., Bohlin, G., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
“The finding of a significant effect of WM training on non-trained WM tasks within both the spatial and the verbal domains is in line with previous studies of WM training in school-aged children (Klingberg et al. , 2002, 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citationIntelligence: New findings and theoretical developments
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
“Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002) provided memory training to both children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to adults and found marked improvement in performance on Raven’s Progressive Matrices for both groups.”
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616635612 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
InfluentialThe Development of Executive Attention: Contributions to the Emergence of Self-Regulation
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
“Other forms of attention training for children with ADHD have also improved performance on abstract reasoning as measured by Raven’s Progressive Matrices ( Klingsberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ), suggesting that training of attention may benefit cognitive functioning extending over a range of tasks.”
MethodShort- and long-term benefits of cognitive training
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Shah, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1103228108 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
“01) but showed less gain in training [t(30) = 3.”
BackgroundHuman Functional Neuroimaging of Brain Changes Associated with Practice
Kelly, A. M. C., & Garavan, H. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi005 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the fact that changes in horizontal connectivity may be the basis of practice-related changes in primary cortex is concordant with the observation that experience produces increases in dendritic length in posterior cortex, as discussed above (Kolb and Gibb, 2002).”
BackgroundResultMorrison, A. B., & Chein, J. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
“As mentioned earlier, there is evidence that core training can reduce the symptoms of ADHD (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
InfluentialTypologies of attentional networks
Raz, A., & Buhle, J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1903 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Aging, Training, and the Brain: A Review and Future Directions
Lustig, C., Shah, P., Seidler, R. D., & Reuter‐Lorenz, P. A. (2009) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
“An interesting new direction for improving the likelihood of transfer effects is the incorporation of neuroimaging data to identify core mental processes that operate in multiple task domains, which can then be targeted by cognitive interventions in one task context and assessed for improvement in another (Dahlin et a…”
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
“% ADHD-C ADHD Diagnostic method SES Eth S A Edu IQ O Kovner et al. (1998) 29 33.”
MethodNeurocognitive Architecture of Working Memory
Eriksson, J., Vogel, E. K., Lansner, A., Bergström, F., & Nyberg, L. H. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.020 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Redick, T. S., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., Hicks, K. L., Fried, D. E., Hambrick, D. Z., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0029082 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
“Two of the significant transfer studies in the review (Klingberg et al., 2002; Olesen et al., 2004) had training group samples of n 4 and 3, respectively.”
Effects of Mindful Awareness Practices on Executive Functions in Elementary School Children
Flook, L., Smalley, S. L., Kitil, M. J., Galla, B. M., Greenland, S. K., Locke, J. J., Ishijima, E., & Kasari, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1080/15377900903379125 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
“Because the functioning of the underlying neural systems is so intimately interconnected, improvements in one area may confer benefits to other areas of functioning (ie, cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning; see, for example, Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ); conversely, deficits in one area may d…”
BackgroundWelsh, J. A., Nix, R. L., Blair, C., Bierman, K. L., & Nelson, K. E. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016738 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
The neuroscience of working memory capacity and training
Constantinidis, C., & Klingberg, T. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.43 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training
McNab, F., Varrone, A., Farde, L., Jucaite, A., Bystritsky, P., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1166102 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Self-citationRapport, M. D., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., & Friedman, L. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.005 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y.-F., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale
Hoche, F., Guell, X., Vangel, M. G., Sherman, J. C., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx317 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development
Casey, B. J., Galván, A., & Hare, T. A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.012 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
“Intervention and treatment studies have begun to take advantage of this approach, by examining how cognitive and pharmacological interventions influence neural recruitment in developmental disorders such as dyslexia [47 ,48] and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [49,50].”
Working-memory training in younger and older adults: training gains, transfer, and maintenance
Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., & Bäckman, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00063 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
“Adaptive training (e.g., individualized adjustment of task difficulty levels) is known to contribute to the efficiency of memory training and to allow individuals to make optimal use of their latent potential (Baltes et al., 1989; Klingberg et al., 2002; Brehmer et al., 2007; Hertzog et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationDahlin, E., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Neely, A. S. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014296 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
“In a study by Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002), increased performance after training was seen for both trained and nontrained visuospatial working memory tasks, as well as for a “far” transfer test (i.e., a reasoning task that did not closely overlap with the criterion task in terms of…”
The Development of Effortful Control.
Rothbart, M. K., & Rueda, M. R. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11108-009 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Blair, C. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009034 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“…training studies with young children indicate that the training is associated with fluid cognitive gains as measured by Raven's matrices test (Klingberg et al. 2002) and the matrices section of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (Posner & Rothbart 2004) but not on other aspects of cognition.”
Computerized working memory training after stroke–A pilot study
Westerberg, H., Jacobaeus, H., Hirvikoski, T., Clevberger, P., Östensson, M.-L., Bartfai, A., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050601148726 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
“Earlier studies of the computerized method for WM training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [27, 28] and in healthy adults [29] showed that: (a) training can increase WM capacity [27–29], (b) training-induced changes in brain activity occur [29], and (c) that training effects can be gen…”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPosner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11519-000 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0364-z · Cited by 432 · see citing works
“…Jonides, & Shah, 2011a; Jaeggi, Studer-Luethi, Buschkuehl, Su, Jonides, & Perrig, 2010; Jausovec & Jausovec, 2012; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002; Rudebeck, Bor, Ormond, O’Reilly, & Lee, 2012; Schmiedek, Lövdén, & Lindenberger, 2010; Schweizer, Hampshire, & Dalgleish,…”
Bagetta (2016) · doi:10.1111/mbe.12100 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Olesen, P. J., Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.09.003 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“Brain activity in the superior frontal sulcus, intraparietal and inferior parietal cortex has previously been correlated with WM capacity in a subgroup of the subjects in this study [32].”
Getting a Grip on Drinking Behavior: Training Working Memory to Reduce Alcohol Abuse
Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611412392 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Working memory and executive functions: effects of training on academic achievement
Titz, C., & Karbach, J. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0537-1 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“Importantly, transfer of WM and EF training was not only present in healthy subjects but also in children suffering from ADHD (Holmes et al., 2009; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Kray, Karbach, Haenig, & Freitag, 2012), intellectual disability (Söderqvist, Nutley, Ottersen, Grill, & Klingberg,…”
Working memory training improves reading processes in typically developing children.
Loosli, S. V., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.575772 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“Klingberg and colleagues for example were able to show that WM training with children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) not only leads to performance improvements in the trained task but also improves other nontrained WM tasks and even matrix reasoning ( Klingberg et al, 2005 ; Klingberg,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChein, J. M., & Morrison, A. B. (2010) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.17.2.193 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Development of a superior frontal–intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory
Klingberg, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.019 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies
Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., & Laine, M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1217-0 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“…1 Department of Psychology, ÅboAkademi University, Turku, Finland 2 Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 2008, 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Kundu, Sutterer, Emrich, & Postle, 2013; Lilienthal, Tamez, Shelton, Myerson, & Hale, 2013; Oelhafen et al., 2013;…”
Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators
Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F., & Bühner, M. (2015) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2015.1036274 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“After removal of the effect sizes of the studies by Klingberg et al. (2002) and Schmiedek et al. (2010), there was a nonsignificant small effect, g D 0.01, 95% CI [¡0.03, 0.23], p D .13.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMontgomery, J., Magimairaj, B. M., & Finney, M. C. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“WM training studies on clinical samples such as individuals with ADHD (e.g., Holmes et al., 2010; Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005), acquired brain injury (Lundqvist, Grundström, Samuelsson, & Rönnberg, 2010), stroke (Westerberg et al., 2007), or problematic drinking behavior (Houben, Wiers, & Jansen,…”
Working Memory and Academic Learning: Assessment and Intervention
Dehn, M. J. (2008) · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D., Mueller, E. T., Gatchalian, K., & Mcclure, S. M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2689-x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“This may be particularly fruitful because cognitive rehabilitation programs can remediate executive dysfunction in ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al. 2002), stroke (Westerberg et al. 2007), and aging (Richmond et al. 2011).”
A Controlled Trial of Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents with ADHD
Beck, S. J., Hanson, C. A., Puffenberger, S. S., Benninger, K. L., & Benninger, W. B. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517162 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“In contrast to Klingberg et al. (2002), they did not find significant improvements on motor activity.”
InfluentialWorking Memory Training May Increase Working Memory Capacity but Not Fluid Intelligence
Harrison, T. L., Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., Hambrick, D. Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613492984 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults.
Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., Hutchison, S., Perrig‐Chiello, P., Däpp, C., Müller, M., Breil, F., Hoppeler, H. H., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014342 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The nature and transfer of cognitive skills
Taatgen, N. A. (2013) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0033138 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121651 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“Although some previous EF training studies in children with ADHD have found differential effects on interference control [23], [30] ([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP, but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled…”
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Thorell, L. B., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01022.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“Our results replicate previous findings that it is possible to train WM, and that it transfers to non-trained WM tests (Holmes et al., 2009; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002; Thorell et al., 2009).”
Self-citationExecutive control training from middle childhood to adolescence
Karbach, J., & Unger, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00390 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundGray, S. A., Chaban, P., Martinussen, R., Goldberg, R., Gotlieb, H., Kronitz, R., Hockenberry, M.-N., & Tannock, R. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02592.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“See Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002) and Olesen et al. (2004) for a detailed program description.”
Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis
Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“We have recently been able to show that this training could improve WM in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and that this also ameliorated the ADHD symptoms [17,18].”
Self-citationBudson, A. E., & Price, B. H. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041071 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Effects of working memory training on reading in children with special needs
Dahlin, K. I. E. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9238-y · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Recent studies also show that children with ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) may benefit in their behavior and school results from working memory training (Klingberg, Fernell, Olesen, Johnson, Gustafsson, Dahlstro ¨m, et al., 2005; Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ).”
Working memory training and transfer in older adults.
Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., & Olson, I. R. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0023631 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Zinke, K., Zeintl, M., Rose, N. S., Putzmann, J., Pydde, A., & Kliegel, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032982 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“However, in reference to the Stroop tasks that were used in several of these studies (i.e., Klingberg et al., 2005, 2002; Olesen et al., 2004), Klingberg (2010) states that " control congruent trials were not included . . . (p. 319) " .”
InfluentialShaw, P., Gornick, M., Lerch, J., Addington, A., Seal, J., Greenstein, D., Sharp, W., Evans, A., Giedd, J. N., Castellanos, F. X., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.921 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Analyzing and shaping human attentional networks
Posner, M. I., Sheese, B. E., Odludaş, Y., & Tang, Y. (2006) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.08.004 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Does working memory training generalize?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“Of the three studies involving ADHD, only two included measures of the ADHD symptoms that might have been alleviated by training (e.g. Klingberg et al, 2002; Klingberg et al., 2005).”
InfluentialA Hierarchical Model of Inhibitory Control
Tiego, J., Testa, R., Bellgrove, M. A., Pantelis, C., & Whittle, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01339 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Shalev, L., Tsal, Y., & Mevorach, C. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600770787 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“A recently developed training method (Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002) demonstrated that intensive computerized training of working memory (WM) gradually increased the amount of information that children with ADHD can keep in WM. Posner and Rothbart (2005)…”
Influencing brain networks: implications for education
POSNER, M., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.007 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Learning executive function and early mathematics: Directions of causal relations
Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., & Germeroth, C. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Halperin, J. M., & Healey, D. M. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.006 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Training attentional control and working memory – Is younger, better?
Wass, S. V., Scerif, G., & Johnson, M. H. (2012) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“WM training has been repeatedly shown to lead to improvements on measures of reasoning/fluid intelligence (Jaeggi et al., 2008, 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005), although other groups have reported negative or only trend improvements (Chein & Morrison, 2010; Dahlin, Nyberg, Backman, & Neely,…”
InfluentialJost, K., Bryck, R. L., Vogel, E. K., & Mayr, U. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq185 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“For example, recent attempts to use working memory interventions in old adults that have shown some success in young adults and children (e.g., Klingberg et al. 2002) seem to have only very limited success in old adults (see Mayr 2008).”
Modulating behavioral inhibition by tDCS combined with cognitive training
Ditye, T., Jacobson, L., Walsh, V., & Lavidor, M. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3098-4 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“…attention (Ben-Yishay et al. 1987 ) and more complex components of attention (Kerns et al. 1999; Sturm et al. 1997), as well as working memory (Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005), neuropsychological measures (Ethier et al. 1989; Gray et al. 1992; Sohlberg and Mateer 1987), and academic performance…”
Toward a physical basis of attention and self-regulation
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2009) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.02.001 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Bryck, R. L., & Fisher, P. A. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0024657 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040409609806 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationFailure of Working Memory Training to Enhance Cognition or Intelligence
Thompson, T. W., Waskom, M. L., Garel, K.-L. A., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Reynolds, G. O., Winter, R., Chang, P., Pollard, K., Lala, N., Alvarez, G. A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063614 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“There are reports of successful transfer of WM training in patient groups with ADHD [54,60] or stroke [61], or in particularly younger or older populations (e.”
InfluentialBlair, C., Gamson, D. A., Thorne, S. L., & BAKER, D. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.008 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“A within-person replication of the training results with four typically developing adults also indicated posttest gains on the Raven's associated with the fluid skills training program (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
Training the brain: fact and fad in cognitive and behavioral remediation.
Rabipour, S., & Raz, A. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.006 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“The findings were later replicated in healthy adults (Olesen, Westerberg, & Klingberg, 2004; Westerberg & Klingberg, 2007), although both studies were unclear about the possibility of improvements due to test–retest effects (Shipstead, Redick, & Engle, 2010).”
Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Siegmund, J., Kästner, C., Apel, S., Parnin, C., Bethmann, A., Leich, T., Saake, G., & Brechmann, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/2568225.2568252 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Thus, a test prior to programming education [48, 41] might reveal which students might struggle with learning programming.”
Neuronal effects following working memory training.
Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Jonides, J. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.10.001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults
Chooi, W.-T., & Thompson, L. A. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.07.004 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002) and Klingberg et al. (2005) observed improvements in matrix reasoning tasks besides reduced inattentive symptoms in childrenwith Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).”
Remember the future II: Meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting
Wesley, M. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Rutledge KJ, van den Bos W, McClure SM, Schweitzer JB. Training cognition in ADHD: current findings, borrowed concepts, and future directions.”
BackgroundInfluentialStimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Sikström, S., & Söderlund, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.1047 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Verbeken, S., Braet, C., Goossens, L., & der Oord, S. V. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.006 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Training the developing brain: a neurocognitive perspective
Jolles, D., & Crone, E. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00076 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“The mismatch hypothesis might therefore explain why adaptive training can be more successful than non-adaptive training (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Holmes et al., 2009a; Bergman Nutley et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWorking memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.590504 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Neuroscientific Model of Motivational Process
Kim, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00098 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Dumontheil, I., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr175 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory and language: Skill-specific or domain-general relations to mathematics?
Purpura, D. J., & Ganley, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.12.009 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Schweizer, S., Hampshire, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024372 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Such continuous engagement of executive processes, especially WM, during training has also been proposed to account for the transfer gains to Gf [6,23,27].”
BackgroundComputerized working memory training: Can it lead to gains in cognitive skills in students?
Alloway, T. P., Bibile, V., & Lau, G. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.023 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Martin, D. M., Liu, R., Alonzo, A., Green, M., Player, M. J., Sachdev, P., & Loo, C. K. (2013) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000539 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“This suggests that training was responsible for the observed delayed transfer effect, a result that supports other work showing the utility of CT using adaptive WM training tasks to cause improvement in WM (Klingsberg et al., 2002; Olesen et al., 2004; Jaeggi et al., 2008).”
Computerized training of working memory in a group of patients suffering from acquired brain injury
Lundqvist, A., Grundström, K., Samuelsson, K., & Rönnberg, J. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.498007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“A computerized training program (Robomemo) has been used to train WM in children and young people [29, 30].”
MethodResultInfluentialDoes Childhood Executive Function Predict Adolescent Functional Outcomes in Girls with ADHD?
Miller, M. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9369-2 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…of EF (namely, working memory) have also been shown to be effective in reducing symptom severity and improving working memory in children with ADHD (Klingberg et al. 2002; Klingberg et al. 2005); one study showed increases in prefrontal and parietal activity during working memory tasks after…”
BackgroundMusic practice is associated with development of working memory during childhood and adolescence
Nutley, S. B., Darki, F., & Klingberg, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00926 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Other studies have reported gains in fluid intelligence after training WM (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Jaeggi et al., 2008) or non-verbal reasoning (Bergman Nutley et al., 2011; Mackey et al., 2011), although the transfer effects from WM to reasoning tests are smaller and inconsistent across…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 781-791
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2163254754
- Semantic Scholar
- 249861f2f06d32f1a763a5afb883bad83639a164
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adaptive training, transfer of training, visuospatial working memory, Raven's Progressive Matrices, nonverbal reasoning, prefrontal cortex, motor activity, head movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
