Cited by 216Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyReading and Literacy Development

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Working memory influences processing speed and reading fluency in ADHD

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Jacobson, Lisa A., Ryan, Matthew, Martin, Rebecca B., Ewen, Joshua, Mostofsky, Stewart H., Denckla, Martha B., Mahone, E. Mark·2011·Child Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1080/09297049.2010.532204PMC PMC3309419

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Abstract

Processing-speed deficits affect reading efficiency, even among individuals who recognize and decode words accurately. Children with ADHD who decode words accurately can still have inefficient reading fluency, leading to a bottleneck in other cognitive processes. This "slowing" in ADHD is associated with deficits in fundamental components of executive function underlying processing speed, including response selection. The purpose of the present study was to deconstruct processing speed in order to determine which components of executive control best explain the "processing" speed deficits related to reading fluency in ADHD. Participants (41 ADHD, 21 controls), ages 9-14 years, screened for language disorders, word reading deficits, and psychiatric disorders, were administered measures of copying speed, processing speed, reading fluency, working memory, reaction time, inhibition, and auditory attention span. Compared to controls, children with ADHD showed reduced oral and silent reading fluency and reduced processing speed-driven primarily by deficits on WISC-IV Coding. In contrast, groups did not differ on copying speed. After controlling for copying speed, sex, severity of ADHD-related symptomatology, and GAI, slowed "processing" speed (i.e., Coding) was significantly associated with verbal span and measures of working memory but not with measures of response control/inhibition, lexical retrieval speed, reaction time, or intrasubject variability. Further, "processing" speed (i.e., Coding, residualized for copying speed) and working memory were significant predictors of oral reading fluency. Abnormalities in working memory and response selection (which are frontally mediated and enter into the output side of processing speed) may play an important role in deficits in reading fluency in ADHD, potentially more than posteriorally mediated problems with orienting of attention or perceiving the stimulus.

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Authors: Jacobson, L. A., Ryan, M., Martin, R. B., Ewen, J., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M.
Affiliations: Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
University of Houston (US)
Corresponding author: Jacobson, Lisa A.
ORCID: Jacobson, Lisa A.
Ryan, Matthew
Martin, Rebecca B.
Ewen, Joshua
Mostofsky, Stewart H.
Denckla, Martha B.
Mahone, E. Mark
Venue: Child Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-01-31
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 209-224
ISSN: 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
1744-4136
DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.532204
PMC: PMC3309419
OpenAlex: W1994226949
Cited by: 215
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 8.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH085328, R01MH078160)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS048527)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025005)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD024061, P50HD052121)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, processing speed, reading fluency, working memory, executive function, response selection, oral reading fluency, silent reading, inhibition, children
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Reading, Executive Function

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Working memory influences processing speed and reading fluency in ADHD

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