Sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and internalizing symptoms: the moderating effect of age
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Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) has been defined by a constellation of caregiver-reported symptoms that includes daydreaming, difficulty initiating and sustaining effort, lethargy, and physical underactivity. These symptoms have been observed in both typically developing children and in some children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—especially those with the predominantly inattentive presentation. Symptoms of SCT (typically identified via rating scales) appear separable from DSM inattentive ADHD symptoms, but have also been associated with internalizing symptoms. To date, however, few studies have examined associations among ratings of SCT and speeded performance-based measures. The present study examined associations among SCT, processing speed, and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 566 clinically referred children (65% male), while also considering how these associations change with age. Findings revealed small but significant age-related differences in the strength of associations between the “Daydreamy” element of SCT and processing speed (as measured by the WISC-IV Processing Speed Index—PSI), with stronger associations observed in younger children. Importantly, this difference in strength of association was not accounted for by the change in WISC-IV test forms for PSI subtests between 6–7 year-olds and 8–16 year-olds. Conversely, the association between SCT and internalizing symptoms remained generally consistent across the age range. Findings contribute to further characterization of the “slowness” of responding seen in SCT and may have implications for behavioral intervention.
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Studies of SCT and social skills have yielded mixed results.
“and studies of SCT and social skills have yielded mixed results.23,24,134”
From Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
The ‘SCT and Internalizing Symptoms’ section reports that children with higher SCT symptoms showed greater social dysfunction. It describes variability across studies in the SCT–internalizing association, but does not say that findings specifically about SCT and social skills were mixed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies in early childhood generally showed weak associations between CDS and slowed processing speed, while studies of older children and adults had mixed findings.
“Other evidence to support a link between CDS and a slowed processing speed comes from studies in early childhood [30, 31, 33] that generally showed weak associations, whereas studies of older children and adults have had mixed findings [10, 13, 14, 29, 32-40].”
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Chapter 1. Trouble Paying Attention: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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- Authors
- Jacobson, L. A., Geist, M., & Mahone, E. M.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacobson, Lisa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2017-02-18
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127-135
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC5562538
- OpenAlex
- W2588706008
- Semantic Scholar
- 97eb9983f2b9847e8bd258cd28fd8136634c6bf1
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U54 079123)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, internalizing problems, age differences, daydreaming, inattentive type ADHD, children, lethargy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Lethargy, Cognitive Dysfunction
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