Sluggish cognitive tempo and processing speed in adolescents with ADHD: do findings vary based on informant and task?

Becker, Stephen P.; Marsh, Nicholas P.; Holdaway, Alex S.; Tamm, Leanne

doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01446-x

Cited by 22Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

Sluggish cognitive tempo and processing speed in adolescents with ADHD: do findings vary based on informant and task?

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Becker, Stephen P., Marsh, Nicholas P., Holdaway, Alex S., Tamm, Leanne·2020·European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1007/s00787-019-01446-xPMC PMC8010585

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Abstract

Few studies have examined whether behavioral sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms are related to speeded task performance. Mixed findings in existing research could be due to previous studies using a broad conceptualization of processing speed, not including self-report of SCT symptoms, and relying on non-optimal measures of SCT. Using a multi-informant design with both parent- and adolescent-reported SCT symptoms, the present study provides a preliminary test of the hypothesis that SCT symptoms would be associated with slower performance on tasks having greater graphomotor and fine motor demands. Participants were 80 adolescents (ages 13–17 years; 71% male) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Adolescents and parents completed ratings of SCT. Adolescents were administered the Wechsler Symbol Search and Coding subtests and the Grooved Pegboard Test. When adjusting for age, sex, and ADHD symptom severity, parent-reported SCT symptoms were not significantly associated with Symbol Search or Coding scores but were significantly associated with slower Grooved Pegboard time. Adolescent-reported SCT symptoms were not significantly associated with Symbol Search but were significantly associated with lower Coding scores and slower Grooved Pegboard time. Findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that SCT may be more clearly associated with processing speed task performance as motor demands increase and provide a potential explanation for the mixed literature on SCT in relation to processing speed by demonstrating that the presence and magnitude of associations vary by informant and task.

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Self-reported SCT is linked to poorer self-reported emotion regulation in children and adults.
“Self-reported SCT has been linked to poorer self-reported emotion regulation among children19,24 and adults39,88,89,109,110”
From Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (2023) · cites this paper as [89]
The Discussion section ('The Importance of Adolescent Self-Report of SCT'; page unavailable) says other studies have examined self-reported SCT in relation to emotion dysregulation, but it gives no finding about whether emotion regulation was poorer or self-reported. This paper's reported results concern processing speed in adolescents with ADHD, not emotion regulation in children or adults. Searches for the claimed emotion-regulation association found no decisive passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Studies in early childhood generally showed weak associations between CDS and slowed processing speed, while studies of older children and adults had mixed findings.
“Other evidence to support a link between CDS and a slowed processing speed comes from studies in early childhood [30, 31, 33] that generally showed weak associations, whereas studies of older children and adults have had mixed findings [10, 13, 14, 29, 32-40].”
From Pharmacologic Management of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and Implications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: Emerging Treatments and Recommendations for Future Research (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
The findings suggest that, at least in children, slowed processing in CDS may reflect slowed cognitive processing rather than slowed motor responding.
“Our findings suggest that, at least for children, slowed processing in CDS may reflect slowed cognitive processing as opposed to slowed motor responding [10].”
From Neurocognition in children with cognitive disengagement syndrome: accurate but slow (2024) · cites this paper as [10]

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Becker, S. P., Schmitt, A. P., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Epstein, J. N., & Burns, G. L. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.06.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts Academic Fluency, Beyond Contributions of Core Academic Skills, Attention, and Motor Speed
Jacobson, L. A., & Mahone, E. M. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718776468 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

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Sorted by citations

Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome
Becker, S. P., Willcutt, E. G., Leopold, D. R., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., Jacobson, L. A., Burns, G. L., Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Froehlich, T. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citation
Systematic Review: Assessment of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Over the Past Decade
Becker, S. P. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.10.016 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with and without ADHD: differentiation from adolescent-reported ADHD inattention and unique associations with internalizing domains
Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Smith, Z. R., & Langberg, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00603-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Neuropsychological Functioning
Creque, C. A., & Willcutt, E. G. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00810-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
What is the Cognitive Deficit in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT)? A Review of Neuropsychological Research
Barkley, R. A., Willcutt, E., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2022.30.2.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neurocognition in children with cognitive disengagement syndrome: accurate but slow
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., Peugh, J. L., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2185215 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pharmacologic Management of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and Implications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: Emerging Treatments and Recommendations for Future Research
Wiggs, K. K., Froehlich, T. E., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-023-00999-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Preschool neuropsychological predictors of school-aged sluggish cognitive tempo and inattentive behaviors
Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., Tamm, L., & Willoughby, M. T. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00728-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo among clinic-referred youth: expanding awareness of somatic symptoms and stress in the clinical picture
Callan, P. D., Shepler, D. K., Justice, M. D., & Oliver, C. E. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-020-00083-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neuropsychological characteristics of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
Wu, Z.-M., Liu, J., Wang, P., Wang, Y.-F., & Yang, B.-R. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221090662 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Twin Study of the Relationships between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Anxiety Phenotypes in Childhood and Adolescence
Scaini, S., Medda, E., Battaglia, M., De Giuli, G., Stazi, M. A., D’Ippolito, C., & Fagnani, C. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01029-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Authors: Becker, S. P., Marsh, N. P., Holdaway, A. S., & Tamm, L.
Affiliations: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
Corresponding author: Becker, Stephen P.
ORCID: Becker, Stephen P.
Marsh, Nicholas P.
Holdaway, Alex S.
Tamm, Leanne
Venue: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-11-27
Volume: 29
Issue: 10
Pages: 1371-1384
ISSN: 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
1435-165X
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01446-x
PMC: PMC8010585
OpenAlex: W2990234371
Semantic Scholar: e0fe934d517244933d864937ccb58a8be8b3de30
Cited by: 22
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 1.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R03MH109787, K23MH108603)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords: sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adolescents, informant differences, parent-reported symptoms, self-reported symptoms, Grooved Pegboard Test
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Electronic Data Processing, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Self Report

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Sluggish cognitive tempo and processing speed in adolescents with ADHD: do findings vary based on informant and task?

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