The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender representation in Japanese EFL textbooks–a corpus study
Abstract
This paper seeks to investigate whether the Japanese government’s attempt to promote a ‘gender-equal’ society in recent decades and the improved status of women are reflected in patterns of gender representation in Japanese English as a foreign language textbooks. The study made an analysis of four popular series of English language textbooks published in 2011 for local Japanese students with corpus linguistic tools (e.g. concordancing, keyword in context) to investigate the ratio of female-to-male appearances, the extent of use of gender-neutral and gender-marked constructions, the common adjectives associated with women and men, the common address titles for reference to women, and the order of appearance of women and men. The findings revealed some evidence of gender equity, including common use of gender-inclusive vocabulary (e.g. salesclerk, waitperson) and the neutral address title Ms for women. The ‘male-first’ phenomenon, however, is still prevalent in contemporary Japanese textbooks, suggesting the secondary status of women. Variations were found in different series of textbooks pertaining to the representation of women and men in the domains of quantitative balance and gender stereotyping. It is suggested that specific guidelines be compiled by the education authorities to help textbook authors write educational materials that help promote a gender-fair society in Japan.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the case of gender stereotypes or biases that appear in textbooks, students directly or indirectly practice them in everyday life (Bandura et al., 2003; Lee, 2018).”
From Gender representation in government-endorsed Arabic language textbooks: Insights from Indonesia (2023) · cites this paper as Lee, 2018
Citations
Cites
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422
Pierce, W. D., & Bandura, A. (1977) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340496 · Cited by 9,742
Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication
Bandura, A. (2001) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0303_03 · Cited by 3,942
Lakoff, R. (1973) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500000051 · Cited by 3,138
Sexism in Current ESL Textbooks
Porreca, K. L. (1984) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586584 · Cited by 278
The effects of gender stereotypic and counter-stereotypic textbook images on science performance
Good, J. J., Woodzicka, J. A., & Wingfield, L. C. (2010) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903366552 · Cited by 263
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139245883 · Cited by 252
Gender and Language Theory and Practice
Litosseliti, L. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203784792 · Cited by 245
Peterson, S. B., & Lach, M. A. (1990) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/0954025900020204 · Cited by 196
Hartman, P. L., & Judd, E. L. (1978) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586137 · Cited by 190
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Atkins-Sayre W., 2005, Women and Language, 28, 8
- Britton G. E., 1977, The Reading Teacher, 31, 40
- Cincotta M. S., 1978, BABEL: Journal of the Australian Federation of MLTS Associations, 14, 24
- Frasher R., 1972, The Reading Teacher, 25, 741
- Lillian D. L., 1995, Linguistica Atlantica, 19, 149
- Mineshima M., 2008, Bulletin of Nigata Institute of Technology, 13, 121
- Mukundan J., 2008, Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 4, 155
- Sakita T. I., 1995, Women and Language, 18, 5
- Swann J., 1992, Girls, Boys and Language
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Women’s Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature
Trinkenreich, B., Wiese, I., Sarma, A., Gerosa, M. A., & Steinmacher, I. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3510460 · Cited by 106
“Considering that this media exposure can include women’s posts and pictures, this action also helps with the strategy of de-stereotype the OSS contributor, which has been associated with images of men in technical textbooks [66, 68] and search results [58].”
BackgroundDurrani, N., CohenMiller, A., Kataeva, Z., Bekzhanova, Z., Seitkhadyrova, A., & Badanova, A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102508 · Cited by 106
In the pursuit of a gender-equal society: Do Japanese EFL textbooks play a role?
Lee, J. F. K. (2019) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2018.1423956 · Cited by 73
Representing culture in Chinese as a second language textbooks: a critical social semiotic approach
Xiong, T., & Peng, Y. (2020) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2020.1797079 · Cited by 69
The Representation of Gender Stereotypes in Indonesian English Language Textbooks
Tyarakanita, A., Drajatı, N. A., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Nurkamto, J. (2021) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09813-0 · Cited by 58
“Indeed, gender representation is ideologically-laden (e.g., Lee 2018, Sunderland 2019).”
BackgroundAre females and males equitably represented? A study of early readers
Lee, J. F. K., & Chin, A. C.-O. (2019) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2018.12.003 · Cited by 31
Self-citationGender representation in Iranian English language coursebooks
Dahmardeh, M., & Kim, S. (2019) · English Today · doi:10.1017/s0266078419000117 · Cited by 28
“Discrimination against a gender group in coursebooks can lead to harmful impacts on pupils’ development as well as on their future academic and career (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundTarrayo, V. N. (2022) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500782.2022.2071624 · Cited by 25
Suwarno, S., Triyono, S., Ashadi, A., & Sahayu, W. (2021) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09870-5 · Cited by 42
“Adopting a corpus linguistic study, Lee (2018) reported the representation of gender in written texts of four EFL textbooks series geared for Japanese high school students published in 2011.”
BackgroundKošir, S., & Lakshminarayanan, R. (2023) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2022.2144626 · Cited by 19
Examining Gender Representation in an Indonesian EFL Textbook
Agni, Z. A., Setyaningsih, E., & Sarosa, T. (2020) · Register Journal · doi:10.18326/rgt.v13i1.183-207 · Cited by 26
“Likewise, LeMoyne (2011) noted that gender equity implies that males and females have the same rights, resources, possibilities, and protections.”
BackgroundZhang, L., Zhang, Y., & Cao, R. (2022) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2022.101058 · Cited by 23
Gender stereotypes in education
Brussino, O., & McBrien, J. L. (2022) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/a46ae056-en · Cited by 38
Al-Qatawneh, S., & Al Rawashdeh, A. (2019) · Studies in Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.12.001 · Cited by 34
Blangsinga, G. W. K. A. A., Suwastini, N. K. A., Lasmawan, I. W., Adnyani, N. L. P. S., & Rusnalasari, Z. D. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210407.227 · Cited by 16
Huang, P., & Liu, X. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03293-x · Cited by 38
“…p.359) and esteemed positions like doctors, presidents, founders, directors, engineers, and scientists (de la Torre-Sierra and Guichot-Reina 2022; Lee 2016) and mostly working outside the home (Otlowski 2003), and women being restricted to domestic, assistive, service-oriented and nurturing…”
Teachers’ Perceptions of Gender Representation in Textbooks: Insights From Sindh, Pakistan
Agha, N., & Shaikh, G. (2022) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00220574221097596 · Cited by 14
“In the context of both developed and developing countries, different studies have examined gender representation in textbooks and have criticised governments ’ commitment to gender equity and inclusion through education (See: Barton & Sakwa, 2012; Lee, 2018, 2014).”
LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA REPRESENTADA EN LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA EN EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA
Moya-Mata, I., Sanchís, L. R., Martín-Ruiz, J., & Ros, C. R. (2019) · Movimento (Porto Alegre) · doi:10.22456/1982-8918.89296 · Cited by 14
Teachers’ Perceptions of Gender Inclusive Language in the Classroom
Garcia, J. V. (2021) · International Journal of Linguistics Literature & Translation · doi:10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.3.12 · Cited by 28
GENDER INEQUALITY REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Mihira, L. S. N., Suwastini, N. K. A., Artini, N. N., Jayantini, I. G. A. S. R., & Budiarta, I. W. (2021) · Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora · doi:10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i3.39209 · Cited by 24
Liu, Y., May, S. A., & Zhang, L. J. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2173208 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, some studies were reported to investigate ideologies in teaching materials (Darani and Akbari 2016; Lee 2018; Smith 2021; Stubbs 1996).”
Yang, C. C. R., & Yan, T. L. (2020) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-020-09754-0 · Cited by 11
Gender representation in textbooks: a bibliometric study
Dong, Y., & Li, D. (2023) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-023-04834-y · Cited by 16
“For example, Lee (2018) adopted corpus linguistic techniques (such as frequency counts, collocational analysis, and concordancing analysis) to investigate gender representation in Japanese ELT textbooks and revealed evidence of the under-representation of women.”
MethodLi, Z., Zeng, J., & Nam, B. H. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231178195 · Cited by 10
“…communicate cultural values and ideologies, existing studies have examined diverse cultural elements in textbooks, like gender equality, language attitude, and the identity of a society (Canagarajah, 1993; Curdt-Christiansen & Weninger, 2015; Lee, 2018; Ruiz-Cecilia et al., 2020; Thompson, 2013).”
BackgroundA comparative study of gender representation in EFL coursebooks in the Middle East
Dahmardeh, M., Hasan, A. M., Muhammadi, P., & Al-Rashdi, F. A. (2025) · Journal for Multicultural Education · doi:10.1108/jme-10-2024-0138 · Cited by 10
Xiong, T., Feng, D. W., & Hu, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1935-0_1 · Cited by 16
Analysis of Gender Fairness of Primary School Mathematics Textbooks in Turkey
ÜSTÜN, Ö. N. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2021.8.4.543 · Cited by 11
“Students also learn gendered beliefs through the formal curriculum (Ballantine, Hammack & Stuber, 2017), affecting their development and their future academic and career choices (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundPara, S. A. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100959 · Cited by 8
Zhang, X., & Yang, H. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12651 · Cited by 7
The Level of Thinking Skills in the Reading Section of EFL Textbook in Indonesia
Ariawan, S., Kholidi, M. A., & Putra, M. (2023) · Voices of English Language Education Society · doi:10.29408/veles.v7i1.7672 · Cited by 7
Grammar, Gender and Demonstratives in Lateralized Imagery for Sentences
Wallentin, M., Rocca, R., & Stroustrup, S. (2019) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-019-09634-1 · Cited by 6
“This has been found in English language textbooks (Lee, 2016; Porreca, 1984), online grammar guides (Amare, 2007) and in academic publications (Willis & Jozkowski, 2017) where graphs also usually display the male gender to the left of the female gender (Hegarty & Buechel, 2006).”
BackgroundOccupational Gender Stereotypes in Indonesian Secondary School English Language Textbooks
Rohmawati, S., & Putra, K. A. (2022) · Voices of English Language Education Society · doi:10.29408/veles.v6i1.5334 · Cited by 10
Designing Values in English as a Foreign Language Textbooks: A Social Semiotic Approach
Xiong, T., & Hu, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1935-0_3 · Cited by 7
Computational Techniques for Analyzing Women’s Social Change in Saudi Newspapers
Almaghlouth, S., & Almujaiwel, S. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12030114 · Cited by 5
“I'm” Lost in Translation: Pronoun Missteps in Crowdsourced Data Sets
Seaborn, K., & Kim, Y. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585667 · Cited by 5
“One possibility is the presence of masculine language biases in Japanese [26]; yet, this is also true for English [2].”
BackgroundGender representation in EFL course books explored through a corpus-based study: A case study
Bujupaj, G., & Gashi-Berisha, V. (2020) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2006.13 · Cited by 5
“Through a similar corpus-based approach, Lee (2018) analyses gender representation in Japanese EFL textbooks through a mixed approach.”
MethodFithriani, R. (2022) · Discourse and Interaction · doi:10.5817/di2022-2-53 · Cited by 10
Tabatadze, S. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13080795 · Cited by 9
Gender representation in government-endorsed Arabic language textbooks: Insights from Indonesia
Kuraedah, S., Gunawan, F., Alam, S., Ubaidillah, M. F., Alimin, A., & Fitriyani, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.1022998 · Cited by 4
“In the case of gender stereotypes or biases that appear in textbooks, students directly or indirectly practice them in everyday life (Bandura et al., 2003; Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundDonovalová, A. (2025) · ORBIS SCHOLAE · doi:10.14712/23363177.2025.3 · Cited by 4
Cultural Stereotypes in Foreign Language Textbooks: A Systematic Review of Visual Representation
Taqdir, T. (2025) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1506.23 · Cited by 4
Norberg, C., & Nordlund, M. (2022) · Educare - vetenskapliga skrifter · doi:10.24834/educare.2022.3.8 · Cited by 3
A Corpus Study of Gender Representation in Chinese Secondary School EFL Textbooks
Zhao, X. (2022) · International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature · doi:10.20431/2347-3134.1011002 · Cited by 2
“So far, the issue of gender representation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks has aroused interest worldwide(e.g. Baghdadi & Rezaei, 2015; Evans & Davies, 2000; Gebregeorgis, 2016; Lee, 2018, 2019; Lee & Collins, 2008, 2010; Shachar, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSyarif, L., & Mulyono, H. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Best Practices · doi:10.31258/ijebp.v7n1.p17-29 · Cited by 5
Gender Bias in Islamic Education School Textbooks in Oman- Grade 3
Bataineh, D. A. M., Al-Shidi, M. A. H. A., & Sabiri, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33193/jalhss.96.2023.921 · Cited by 6
English foreign language learners’ perceptions of cultural elements in Chinese EFL textbooks
Qi, S., & Derakhshan, A. (2024) · Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras · doi:10.30827/portalin.vi42.28407 · Cited by 3
“This could diminish students’ proficiency in expressing and comprehending efficiently in appropriate circumstances through textbooks (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundFernández, O. M., Moreno-Crespo, P., Pedrero-García, E., & Gómez, C. I. H. (2019) · Pedagogika · doi:10.15823/p.2019.136.5 · Cited by 3
Gender Representation in The English Textbook for Grade Ninth in Indonesia
'Aini, W., Yanto, E. S., & Fitriyana, W. (2021) · INTERACTION Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa · doi:10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v8i2.1334 · Cited by 3
“Lee (2018) examined gender representation in four 2011 EFL series textbooks aimed at Japanese high school students.”
BackgroundTabatadze, S., & Gorgadze, N. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879221147011 · Cited by 8
“Similarly, a school textbook analysis in Japan revealed similar patterns in the gender representation of men and women (Lee, 2016, 2011; Lee, 2018a).”
BackgroundStereotip Karakter Perempuan dalam Buku Ajar untuk Sekolah Dasar: Kajian Multimodalitas
Yonata, F., & Yoniswan, Y. (2021) · Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra · doi:10.24036/jbs.v9i2.111935 · Cited by 3
Sharpening Students' Critical Literacy Skills Through Corpus-Based Instruction
Patsala, P., & Michali, M. (2020) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2722-1.ch012 · Cited by 2
Mourning the lost: A social actor analysis of gender representation in the @FacesofCovid’s tweets
Almaghlouth, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042621 · Cited by 2
“This has been evidenced through several discourse analyses within educational fields (e.g., Wharton, 2005; Lee, 2018); it could also be achieved within other domains.”
BackgroundIntersection of Gender, Globalization, and Religion in Local and Globalized ELT Textbooks in Iran
Ghajarieh, A., Don, Z. M., Mozaheb, M. A., & Ghandil, G. (2023) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.31.4.10 · Cited by 4
Lo, H. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2024.2325678 · Cited by 2
“This study adopts the comparative content analysis of textbooks, which is a long-established method with copious scholarships (Aslan et al., 2008; Clark, 2016; De Kort, 2017; Lee, 2018; Mori & Davies, 2015).”
Gender inclusiveness in student learning materials: Study of elementary school context in Indonesia
Salsabila, I., Hasanah, A. R., Mutakin, H. I., & Lestari, T. (2024) · HUMANIKA · doi:10.21831/hum.v24i1.67333 · Cited by 2
“But also as a result of social construction; as a result, education also influences how gender relations are formed in society (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundKlein, A. (2019) · Taikomoji kalbotyra · doi:10.15388/tk.2019.17233 · Cited by 2
Song, Z., & Xiong, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1935-0_5 · Cited by 2
Almaghlouth, S. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12439 · Cited by 2
“In addition to this, works of discourse analyses sometimes run the risk of being subjective (Lee, 2018); thus, by combining empirical data from the corpus analysis (Biber et al., 2012) and the triangulation of analysis using mixed analytical frameworks, linguistic patterns identified in the…”
BackgroundYim, D., & Lee, R. (2023) · Journal of Language Teaching · doi:10.54475/jlt.2023.027 · Cited by 4
“It is evident that the Japanese government has made prominent effort in various aspects to promote a ‘gender-equal’ society and to improve the status of women in the last few decades (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundA Corpus-Based Study of Gender Representation in Chinese EFL Textbooks
(2020) · International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature · doi:10.20431/2347-3134.0804003 · Cited by 2
“In previous investigations (e.g. Lee & Collins, 2016; Lee, 2016) the researchers have suggested the conventional male-first order of mention through observation of EFL textbooks corpora in Hong Kong (Lee & Collins, 2016) and in Japan (Lee, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGender Representations in Biology Textbooks for Secondary Schools in ChinaPreprint
Yang, D., & Zhou, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2054844/v1 · Cited by 2
Gender-Positioning within the Visual Network: How (Non-) Inclusive Can EFL Materials Get?
SIMSEK, M. R. (2022) · The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences · doi:10.55549/epess.1196823 · Cited by 1
Cultural Conceptualization of Gender in Iranian High School English Textbooks
Alemi, M., & Asghari, M. (2025) · Cultural linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7726-9_4 · Cited by 1
Deconstruction of the Discourse of Femininity: A Case of Thai Girls’ Schools
Satienchayakorn, N., & Jimarkon, P. (2021) · Sustainable Multilingualism · doi:10.2478/sm-2021-0013 · Cited by 1
“…& Ellece, 2013; Riissanen & Watson, 2014; Yaguchi et al., 2010) and power between genders in text books and learning materials (Daniel, 2013; Hamid et al., 2013; Lee, 2018) typically include analytical steps of frequency, collocation, concordance lines, semantic preference, and sematic prosody.”
BackgroundCulture and Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) Teaching Materials: An Introduction
Yue, P. (2022) · International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching · doi:10.46451/ijclt.2022.02.01 · Cited by 3
“…Li, 2019; Setyono & Widodo, 2019), neoliberalism and neocapitalism (Bori, 2018; Gray, 2010a, 2010b; Xiong & Yuan, 2018), environmentalism （ Stibbe, 2004; Xiong, 2014), gender equality (Lee, 2018), and moral education (Feng, 2019; Guo & Feng, 2015), as well as cultural marginalization (Smith, 2021).”
BackgroundTeachers’ perceptions of gender stereotypes in EFL secondary textbooks
(2023) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.13.01.22 · Cited by 1
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN EFL TEXTBOOK OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Andini, T. N., Hidayat, D. N., Husna, N., & Alek, A. (2023) · Getsempena English Education Journal · doi:10.46244/geej.v10i1.2041 · Cited by 1
“P-ISSN: 2355-004X E-ISSN: 2502-6801 |57 and women are treated unequally in Japan's social, economic, and political spheres is well known (Lee, 2018).”
BackgroundGender Representation on Visual Illustrations in Indonesia EFL Textbook
Liannita, D., Aridah, A., & Bonganciso, R. T. (2023) · Journal of English as A Foreign Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.31098/jefltr.v3i2.1776 · Cited by 1
“It may b e one small step to reduce the gender bias implications toward the learners, yet the awareness of gender bias at school is necessary because people learn and replicate self-conduct through observation (Lee, 2016).”
BackgroundNur, S., & Farzana, A. (2024) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-024-00860-6 · Cited by 1
“Similarly Lee (2018) discovered that Japanese Grade 10 EFL textbooks depicted men in broader social roles than women, suggesting that men are more active physically and cognitively.”
Gender representation in English language textbooks in Bangladesh
Awal, A. (2024) · Studies in Linguistics Culture and FLT · doi:10.46687/kokb5598 · Cited by 1
“The representation of gender disparities in textbooks has been studied in different countries recently including Indonesia (Antiksari, 2011; Tyarakanita et al., 2021; Lestariyana et al., 2020; Suwarno et al., 2021; Tusita & Emaliana, 2020; Yonata & Yoniswan, 2021), Malaysia (Mukundan & Nimehchisal, 2008), Nigeria (Ogb…”
BackgroundLo, H. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102853 · Cited by 1
Positioning of female marriage immigrants in South Korea: a multimodal textbook analysis
Ahn, S.-Y., & West, G. B. (2022) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2021-0082 · Cited by 1
Ronci, M. (2021) · Babylonia Journal of Language Education · doi:10.55393/babylonia.v3i.115 · Cited by 1
The effects of different Chinese high school English textbooks on vocabulary acquisitionPreprint
Shen, Y. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ruhbj · Cited by 2
Lateralized imagery for sentence content: Testing grammar, gender and demonstratives.
Wallentin, M., Rocca, R., & Stroustrup, S. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Danju, İ., & Besim, S. (2018) · Вісник Національної академії керівних кадрів культури і мистецтв · doi:10.32461/2226-3209.3.2018.173553
Taringa, B. (2019) · Alternation Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa · doi:10.29086/2519-5476/2019/sp25.3a14
Dang, Q. (2020) · Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis · doi:10.31274/jctp.11568
“Research has affirmed gender-biased prevalence in school textbooks (Blumberg, 2008; Lee, 2018; Osler, 1994; Parker et al., 2017; Woyshner & Schocker, 2015; Yang, 2016).”
BackgroundThe representation of women in teaching practices, discourse, and languages
Cesare, A.-M. D., & Casoni, M. (2021) · Babylonia Journal of Language Education · doi:10.55393/babylonia.v3i.201
Joseph, E. A. (2021) · Babylonia Journal of Language Education · doi:10.55393/babylonia.v3i.128
Sexism in Indonesia’s Tenth Grade EFL Companion Textbook
Firstyani, R. A., Asih, Y. U., & Suhatmady, B. (2022) · Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics · doi:10.21462/jeltl.v7i2.828 · Cited by 1
“Gender portrayal is, indeed, ideologically charged (Lee, 2018; Sunderland, 2019).”
BackgroundGender Inequity in K-12 Education
Lin, Z. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_284
Ghorbani, V., Yamrali, N., & Zarabi, H. (2023) · Journal of Studies in Applied Language · doi:10.52547/jsal.6.1.33
AYDIN-CERAN, S. (2023) · Research on Education and Psychology · doi:10.54535/rep.1345542
Representation Of Gender Pictured Out In “English In Mind Student’s Book 3”
Salsabila, T., Perpisa, L., & Sesmiyanti, S. (2023) · JUPE Jurnal Pendidikan Mandala · doi:10.58258/jupe.v8i3.5876
“based on the category proposed by (Lee, 2018).”
MethodInfluentialMekheimer, M. A. A. G. (2023) · The Coastal Review · doi:10.20429/cr.2023.130106
Huang, L. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/17/20231264
Yu, Z. (2023) · Ogigia Revista Electrónica de Estudios Hispánicos · doi:10.24197/ogigia.34.2023.179-208
Jameaah, S. N., Setiawan, I., & Hermagustiana, I. (2024) · Journal of English as A Foreign Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.31098/jefltr.v4i1.1879 · Cited by 2
Issues of Gender in the First-Grade IT Textbook in Oman
Bataineh, A., Douzandeh, E. A., & Shidi, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies · doi:10.32996/jhsss.2024.6.6.4
“In addition, Lee (2018) examined gender representation in some Japanese English as foreign language textbooks to identify if improvements of gender representation are present or not.”
BackgroundA VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF GENDER IN INDONESIAN EFL TEXTBOOKS
Chojimah, N., & Widodo, E. (2024) · LiNGUA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra · doi:10.18860/ling.v19i1.24163
“The transitivity of the reading texts (Emilia et al., 2017), male and female titles (Ahmad & Shah, 2019; Lee, 2018), male and female-oriented topic presentation in dialogues and reading texts (Almghams, 2020), the frequency of names, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives attributed to women and women…”
BackgroundResultInvisible Women in IT: Examining Gender Representation in K-12 ICT Teaching Materials
Christensen, I. M., Marcher, M. H., Inie, N., & Brabrand, C. (2024) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3632620.3671111
“…visually represented) [9, 53, 54], counting gendered words (pronouns, indicators of gender e.g. “girl”, and gender-marked words e.g. “police-man”) [51, 54, 55], generic constructions (whether a text uses generic “he”) [9, 53], and order of mention (whether it is more often male-first or…”
Gender Representation In The English Textbook: “My Next Words” For Fourth-Grade Students
Karsena, R. A., & Handayani, E. I. P. (2024) · Jurnal Onoma Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra · doi:10.30605/onoma.v10i4.4443
“It is crucial for textbooks to include non-discriminatory and gender-equal materials so that children may build their true gender identity and be confident in their capabilities to get the same chances as human beings regardless of gender (Lee, 2016).”
Yolanda, Y., & Purnani, S. T. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0241583
(De)Construction of Gendered Identities in ELT Materials: A Systemic Functional View
Rasti, A. (2025) · Forma y Función · doi:10.15446/fyf.v38n1.111971
Critical Language Pedagogy in Japanese University EFL Classes
Jackson, L. R., & Kennett, B. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5421-6.ch005
Gender-Sensitive Language in Foreign Language Education
Dabbene, C. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8146-5.ch012
Language model optimization and corpus construction techniques for Japanese speech recognition
Huang, Z., & Cao, Y. H. (2025) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2025-0697
Gender (In)Equality In Locally Published EFL Coursebooks In Turkiye
GEZMİŞ, N. (2026) · Eğitim ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi · doi:10.52974/jena.1940426
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, J. F. K.
- Affiliations
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Jackie F.K.
- ORCID
- Lee, Jackie F.K.
- Venue
- Gender and Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-07-28
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 379-395
- ISSN
- 0954-0253 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0516
- OpenAlex
- W2495266958
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 9.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gender and Education (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Meijo University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- gender representation, EFL textbooks, gender equality, gender stereotypes, gender-neutral vocabulary, women's status, gender equity in education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
