The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender representation in Japanese EFL textbooks–a corpus study
Abstract
This paper seeks to investigate whether the Japanese government’s attempt to promote a ‘gender-equal’ society in recent decades and the improved status of women are reflected in patterns of gender representation in Japanese English as a foreign language textbooks. The study made an analysis of four popular series of English language textbooks published in 2011 for local Japanese students with corpus linguistic tools (e.g. concordancing, keyword in context) to investigate the ratio of female-to-male appearances, the extent of use of gender-neutral and gender-marked constructions, the common adjectives associated with women and men, the common address titles for reference to women, and the order of appearance of women and men. The findings revealed some evidence of gender equity, including common use of gender-inclusive vocabulary (e.g. salesclerk, waitperson) and the neutral address title Ms for women. The ‘male-first’ phenomenon, however, is still prevalent in contemporary Japanese textbooks, suggesting the secondary status of women. Variations were found in different series of textbooks pertaining to the representation of women and men in the domains of quantitative balance and gender stereotyping. It is suggested that specific guidelines be compiled by the education authorities to help textbook authors write educational materials that help promote a gender-fair society in Japan.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the case of gender stereotypes or biases that appear in textbooks, students directly or indirectly practice them in everyday life (Bandura et al., 2003; Lee, 2018).”
From Gender representation in government-endorsed Arabic language textbooks: Insights from Indonesia (2023) · cites this paper as Lee, 2018
Citations
Cites
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422
Pierce, W. D., & Bandura, A. (1977) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340496 · Cited by 9,742
Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication
Bandura, A. (2001) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0303_03 · Cited by 3,942
Lakoff, R. (1973) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500000051 · Cited by 3,138
Sexism in Current ESL Textbooks
Porreca, K. L. (1984) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586584 · Cited by 278
The effects of gender stereotypic and counter-stereotypic textbook images on science performance
Good, J. J., Woodzicka, J. A., & Wingfield, L. C. (2010) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903366552 · Cited by 263
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139245883 · Cited by 252
Gender and Language Theory and Practice
Litosseliti, L. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203784792 · Cited by 245
Peterson, S. B., & Lach, M. A. (1990) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/0954025900020204 · Cited by 196
Hartman, P. L., & Judd, E. L. (1978) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586137 · Cited by 190
Gender Voices in Hong Kong English Textbooks—Some Past and Current Practices
Lee, J. F. K., & Collins, P. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9414-6 · Cited by 188
Self-citationEvans, L., & Davies, K. (2000) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1007043323906 · Cited by 154
Exploring Gender: Questions and Implications for English Language Education
Vandrick, S., & Sunderland, J. (1994) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587572 · Cited by 136
Ray, R. E. (1994) · Language · doi:10.2307/416527 · Cited by 133
Burr, V. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203130414 · Cited by 131
Construction of gender: A comparison of Australian and Hong Kong English language textbooks
Lee, J. F. K., & Collins, P. (2010) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589231003695856 · Cited by 116
Self-citationAustralian Review of Applied Linguistics
(2016) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral · Cited by 116
From Bias “In the Text” to “Teacher Talk around the Text”
Sunderland, J., Cowley, M., Abdul Rahim, F., Leontzakou, C., & Shattuck, J. (2000) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/s0898-5898(00)00034-6 · Cited by 114
Discourse Roles, Gender and Language Textbook Dialogues: Who learns what from John and Sally?
Jones, M. A., Kitetu, C. W., & Sunderland, J. (1997) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540259721204 · Cited by 101
Australian English‐language textbooks: the gender issues
Lee, J. F. K., & Collins, P. C. (2008) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540250802392257 · Cited by 96
Self-citationSex-role related effects of sex bias in language
Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. B. (1983) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00290069 · Cited by 80
Are high school chemistry textbooks gender fair?
Bazler, J. A., & Simonis, D. (1991) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660280408 · Cited by 79
Gender representation in Hong Kong primary school ELT textbooks – a comparative study
Lee, J. F. K. (2014) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2014.916400 · Cited by 79 · cited 4×
“Another form of linguistic sexism is the conventional word order of putting female terms after male terms, reflecting the secondary status of women (Amare 2007; Eckert and McConnell-Ginet 2013; Lee 2014; Lee and Collins 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGender representation in school textbooks in Iran: the place of languages
Foroutan, Y. (2012) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392112459744 · Cited by 71
(1977) · The Reading Teacher · Cited by 67
Factors in life science textbooks that may deter girls' interest in science
Potter, E. F., & Rosser, S. V. (1992) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660290705 · Cited by 65
Invisible Females, Incapable Males: Gender Construction in a Children’s Reading Scheme
Wharton, S. (2005) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500780508668677 · Cited by 63
Generic versus specific inclusion of women in language: Effects on recall
Crawford, M., & English, L. (1984) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/bf01068152 · Cited by 63
Don't Touch my Projectile: Gender Bias and Stereotyping in Syntactic Examples
Macaulay, M., & Brice, C. (1997) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.1997.0031 · Cited by 60
Purcell, P., & Stewart, L. (1990) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288190 · Cited by 60
Sugihara, Y., & Katsurada, E. (2002) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1021648426787 · Cited by 58
The gender balance of physics textbooks: Caribbean and British books, 1985-91
Whiteley, P. (1996) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/0031-9120/31/3/018 · Cited by 56
Pauwels, A., & Winter, J. (2006) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500780608668717 · Cited by 55
GENDER REPRESENTATION IN MALAYSIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS
Mukundan, J., & Nimehchisal, V. (2008) · i-manager’s Journal on English Language Teaching · doi:10.25170/ijelt.v4i2.149 · Cited by 55
Natu, S. A. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003453758-4 · Cited by 41
Non-sexist language reform and generic pronouns in Australian English
Pauwels, A. (2001) · English World-Wide A Journal of Varieties of English · doi:10.1075/eww.22.1.06pau · Cited by 38
Textbooks and Their Influence on Sex-Role Stereotype Formation.
Cincotta, M. S. (1978) · Cited by 37
English Language Teaching in Japan
Honna, N., & Yuko, T. (2005) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688205060055 · Cited by 31
Coles, G. S. (1977) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085977121003 · Cited by 31
Evaluation of business Japanese textbooks: issues of gender
Thomson, C. K., & Otsuji, E. (2003) · Japanese Studies · doi:10.1080/1037139032000129711 · Cited by 31
Sexism in Japanese English Education: A Survey of EFL Texts
Sakita, T. I. (1995) · Women and Language · Cited by 31
Where Is She? Gender Occurrences in Online Grammar Guides
Amare, N. (2007) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte20076490 · Cited by 30
Bandura's social cognitive theory: An introduction
(2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e522872004-001 · Cited by 30
English. A corpus-based view of gender in New Zealand
Holmes, J. (2001) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.9.10hol · Cited by 27
Diversity and Power in Public Speaking Textbooks
Gullicks, K. A., Pearson, J. C., Child, J. T., & Schwab, C. R. (2005) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370500089870 · Cited by 23
Effects of modeling on the use of nonsexist language among high school freshpersons and seniors
Cronin, C. J., & Jreisat, S. (1995) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01544781 · Cited by 23
Dynamics of gender representations in learning materials and gender equality
Mustapha, A. S. (2012) · Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.4471/generos.2012.12 · Cited by 20
Policy Response to Declining Birth Rate in Japan: Formation of a “Gender-Equal” Society
Huen, Y. W. P. (2007) · East Asia · doi:10.1007/s12140-007-9026-8 · Cited by 19
Japanese Government Approaches to Gender Equality Since the Mid-1990s
Osawa, M. (2005) · Asian perspective · doi:10.1353/apr.2005.0032 · Cited by 19
The Influence of School Texts on Children’s Gender Role Socialization
Witt, S. D. (2001) · Curriculum and Teaching · doi:10.7459/ct/16.1.03 · Cited by 19
Cochran, E. P. (1996) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587612 · Cited by 15
Naming Women: The Emergence of "Ms." as a Liberatory Title
Atkins-Sayre, W. (2005) · doi:10.13140/2.1.4767.2966 · Cited by 15
Nevile, M., & Rendle‐Short, J. (2007) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.2104/aral0730 · Cited by 10
Women in the Japanese labour market, 1947–2003: A brief survey
Kumamoto-Healey, J. (2005) · International Labour Review · doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2005.tb00577.x · Cited by 10
Missing me and Msing the other: courtesy titles for women in Englishes
Winter, J., & Pauwels, A. (2017) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.4225/03/590930541cf32 · Cited by 6
Perspectives: Sexism in Japanese Radio Business English Program Textbooks
Matsuno, S. (2002) · JALT Journal · doi:10.37546/jaltjj24.1-5 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Atkins-Sayre W., 2005, Women and Language, 28, 8
- Britton G. E., 1977, The Reading Teacher, 31, 40
- Cincotta M. S., 1978, BABEL: Journal of the Australian Federation of MLTS Associations, 14, 24
- Frasher R., 1972, The Reading Teacher, 25, 741
- Lillian D. L., 1995, Linguistica Atlantica, 19, 149
- Mineshima M., 2008, Bulletin of Nigata Institute of Technology, 13, 121
- Mukundan J., 2008, Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 4, 155
- Sakita T. I., 1995, Women and Language, 18, 5
- Swann J., 1992, Girls, Boys and Language
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Women’s Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature
Trinkenreich, B., Wiese, I., Sarma, A., Gerosa, M. A., & Steinmacher, I. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3510460 · Cited by 106
“Considering that this media exposure can include women’s posts and pictures, this action also helps with the strategy of de-stereotype the OSS contributor, which has been associated with images of men in technical textbooks [66, 68] and search results [58].”
BackgroundDurrani, N., CohenMiller, A., Kataeva, Z., Bekzhanova, Z., Seitkhadyrova, A., & Badanova, A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102508 · Cited by 106
In the pursuit of a gender-equal society: Do Japanese EFL textbooks play a role?
Lee, J. F. K. (2019) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2018.1423956 · Cited by 73
Representing culture in Chinese as a second language textbooks: a critical social semiotic approach
Xiong, T., & Peng, Y. (2020) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2020.1797079 · Cited by 69
The Representation of Gender Stereotypes in Indonesian English Language Textbooks
Tyarakanita, A., Drajatı, N. A., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Nurkamto, J. (2021) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09813-0 · Cited by 58
“Indeed, gender representation is ideologically-laden (e.g., Lee 2018, Sunderland 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, J. F. K.
- Affiliations
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Jackie F.K.
- ORCID
- Lee, Jackie F.K.
- Venue
- Gender and Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-07-28
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 379-395
- ISSN
- 0954-0253 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0516
- OpenAlex
- W2495266958
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 9.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gender and Education (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Meijo University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- gender representation, EFL textbooks, gender equality, gender stereotypes, gender-neutral vocabulary, women's status, gender equity in education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review