Combining sanitation and women’s participation in water supply: An example from Rajasthan.

One program in India intentionally aimed to enhance mobility by engaging women in sanitation promotion outside the home; yet, the very latrines promoted were found to increase women's confinement.

“One program (India) intentionally aimed to enhance mobility by engaging women in sanitation promotion outside the home; yet, the very latrines promoted were found to increase women's confinement [62].”

Movement restrictions influenced women and girls' access to water and defecation, urination, and menstrual management locations, and are most widely reported in India.

“Movement restrictions influenced women and girls' access to water [101, 110, 178] and defecation, urination, and menstrual management locations, and are most widely reported in India [62, 135, 174, 181, 182, 184, 187], [101,110,187,[189][190][191].”

Families have built latrines specifically to restrict movement, though women do not always have access when needed if situated in spaces controlled by men.

“Families have built latrines specifically to restrict movement, [62,174] though women do not always have access when needed if situated in spaces controlled by men [62].”

All research describing fear or experience of non-partner physical violence focused on sanitation, while all articles focusing on intimate partner physical violence and most focusing on interpersonal conflict focused on water.

“All research describing fear or experience of non-partner physical violence focused on sanitation, while all articles focusing on intimate partner physical violence and most focusing on interpersonal conflict focused on water (_((((xxx))))_)[61, 62, 76, 86, 89, 101, 110, 111, 123, 135, 143, 144, 171, 173-175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 188, 189, 191, 198, 201, 243, 251, 255, 257, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266,”

Fears or experiences of harm from domestic and wild animals and insects were reported for both water collection and sanitation activities; women and girls reported fear and actual experiences of injury at and when accessing sanitation locations, regardless of sanitation type.

“Fears or experiences of harm from domestic and wild animals and insects were reported for both water collection and sanitation activities [62, 135, 143, 170, 172-174, 177-179, 184, 187, 189-191, 198, 201, 214, 226, 229, 257, 258, 296].Women and girls reported fear and actual experiences of injury at and when accessing sanitation locations, regardless of sanitation type [135, 168, 172, 174, 184, 18”

Women and girls feared, risked, or experienced varied harms related to their water and sanitation circumstances and activities, with water fetching related harms in particular resulting in serious and long-term consequences, including general and localized pain, headaches and head injury, and injury from falls, trucks, and/or car accidents.

“Women and girls feared, risked, or experienced, varied harms related to their water and sanitation circumstances and activities (_((((xxx))))_)[62, 63, 78, 90, 101, 135, 141, 143, 144, 158, 168-170, 172-174, 177-179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 189-191, 197-199, 201, 214, 226, 231, 244, 257, 258, 261, 276, 277, 296].Many noted exacerbated”

Rural Indian women were often responsible for assisting others, including children, adolescent girls, and elderly family members, with sanitation needs.

“and were often responsible for assisting others, including children, adolescent girls, and elderly family members, with sanitation needs [62,131,135,184,190].”

Normative societal and familial rules and restrictions have defined the boundaries of acceptable water and sanitation-related behaviors for women, including their engagement in the public sphere.

“Normative societal and familial rules and restrictions have defined the boundaries of acceptable water and sanitation-related behaviors for women, including their engagement in the public sphere [61,62,66,87,89, 101-103, 110, 111, 124-126, 130, 140, 174, 177-179, 181, 182, 187-190, 197, 218, 234, 261].”

Compromised water and sanitation environments have contributed to women's risk or experience of harassment or physical and sexual violence.

“Illustratively, considerable research shows how compromised water and sanitation environments have contributed to women's risk or experience of harassment or physical and sexual violence; (_((((xxx))))_)[61, 62, 70, 76, 86, 89, 101, 108, 110, 111, 123, 135, 138, 143, 144, 153, 168, 171-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186-191, 198, 199, 201, 214, 217, 226, 231, 233, 238-240, 243, 251, 255, 257-266, 268-270”

Compromised water and sanitation environments have led to suppression of urination, defecation and menstrual hygiene needs.

“and suppression of urination, defecation and menstrual hygiene needs, [2,62,181,184,188,190,191,214,217,224,229,235,236,238,240,241,247,248,250,270] among other impacts.”

Compromised water and sanitation environments have resulted in illness, infirmity, and bodily harm.

“resulted in illness, infirmity, and bodily harm (_((((xxx))))_)[62, 63, 65, 70, 76, 78, 81, 86, 90, 101, 111, 118, 122, 123, 135, 141, 143, 144, 154, 158, 168-170, 172-174, 177-179, 181, 182, 184, 186-191, 195, 197-199, 201, 202, 208, 214, 220, 223, 225, 226, 231, 239-241, 244, 247, 256-259, 261, 272, 273, 276-278, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 296”