Disclosure and workplace accommodations for people with autism: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to describe the prevalence and processes of disability disclosure for persons with autism spectrum disorder. METHODS: Systematic searches of seven international databases revealed 26 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. We analyzed these studies with respect to participant demographics, methodology, results and quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Among the 26 studies, 7006 participants (aged 13-75, mean 28.1 years) were represented across seven countries. Our findings showed that rates of disclosure and receiving workplace accommodations varied considerably. Benefits of disclosing in the workplace included greater acceptance and inclusion, receiving accommodations, and increasing awareness about autism. Limitations of disclosing to employers involved experiencing stigma and discrimination. Factors affecting decisions to disclose included age at diagnosis, social demands of the job, and workplace policies. Types of accommodations that were received or desired included adjustments to the job interview process, schedules (i.e., flexibility, working from home), job content or working conditions, environment (i.e., lighting, quiet space); support with communication and social skills; and disability awareness training for their workplace colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that disclosing a condition of autism in the workplace and requesting accommodations is complex. More research is needed to explore processes of disclosing and accommodation and how these processes vary by autism sub-type, gender, and industry type.Implications for rehabilitationClinicians and vocational Counselors should support people with autism to advocate for their needs in the workplace, including the potential benefits of disclosing their conditions so they can access accommodations that allow them to keep healthy and productive in workplace.Clinicians should recognize that people with autism spectrum disorder may have different workplace accommodation needs than those with other types of disabilities, in particular support with social and communication skills.Clinicians should aid people with autism to access resources and supports that are available to them to access workplace accommodations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Not all neuro-divergent people will want to disclose their condition to employers.
“Not all neuro-divergent people will want to disclose their condition to employers [68].”
From Homeworking experiences of neuro-divergent workers: systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
There is a limited body of research on autistic individuals' experiences of workplace adjustments, meaning little is known about the most effective workplace adjustments for autistic people.
“There is also a limited body of research on autistic individuals’ experiences of workplace adjustments, which means that little is known about the most effective workplace adjustments for autistic people [11].”
From Autistic adults’ views and experiences of requesting and receiving workplace adjustments in the UK (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
A recent systematic review suggests that up to 50% of autistic employees do not request workplace adjustments.
“Indeed, a recent systematic review examining autistic adults’ experiences of requesting and receiving adjustments suggests that up to 50% of autistic employees do not request workplace adjustments [11].”
From Autistic adults’ views and experiences of requesting and receiving workplace adjustments in the UK (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Romualdez et al. found that disclosure was perceived as a necessity by autistic employees, as opposed to a choice.
“This finding is consistent with recent findings by Romualdez et al. [19], who found that disclosure was perceived as a necessity by autistic employees, as opposed to a choice (see also, [11]).”
From Autistic adults’ views and experiences of requesting and receiving workplace adjustments in the UK (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.
Seeman, M. S., & Goffman, E. (1964) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091442 · Cited by 10,716 · see citing works
Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5664 · Cited by 4,074 · see citing works
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-046 · Cited by 3,109 · see citing works
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Myhill, W. N. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity · doi:10.4135/9781483346663.n124 · Cited by 2,158 · see citing works
Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields
Kmet, L. M., Cook, L. S., & Lee, R. C. (2004) · University of Alberta Library · doi:10.7939/r37m04f16 · Cited by 1,682 · see citing works
Why Don’t Employers Hire and Retain Workers with Disabilities?
Kaye, H. S., Jans, L. H., & Jones, E. C. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-011-9302-8 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder
Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2112-z · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Bandura, A. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446249215.n18 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
The Disability Employment Puzzle: A Field Experiment on Employer Hiring Behavior
Ameri, M., Schur, L. A., Adya, M., Bentley, F. S., McKay, P. F., & Kruse, D. L. (2017) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/0019793917717474 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Benefits of Hiring People with Disabilities
Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., Albarico, M., Mortaji, N., & Karon, L. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-018-9756-z · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Müller, E., Schuler, A. L., Burton, B. A., & Yates, G. B. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-2003-00193 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Cameron, L. A., Halder, S., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316661855 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Johnson, T. D., & Joshi, A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000058 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
‘Coming out’ on the spectrum: autism, identity and disclosure
Davidson, J., & Henderson, V. L. (2010) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649360903525240 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Discrimination and other barriers to employment for teens and young adults with disabilities
Lindsay, S. (2011) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.531372 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Scott, M., Jacob, A., Hendrie, D., Parsons, R., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T., & Falkmer, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177607 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“I Do That for Everybody”: Supervising Employees With Autism
Hagner, D., & Cooney, B. F. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200020501 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum
Hedley, D., Cai, R. Y., Uljarević, M., Wilmot, M., Spoor, J. R., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316687697 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Predictors of employment status among adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ohl, A., Grice Sheff, M., Small, S., Nguyen, J., Paskor, K., & Zanjirian, A. (2017) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-172492 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Dealing with self-management of chronic illness at work: predictors for self-disclosure
Munir, F., Leka, S., & Griffiths, A. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.07.012 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The ill-treatment of employees with disabilities in British workplaces
Fevre, R., Robinson, A. L., Lewis, D., & Jones, T. (2013) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017012460311 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Understanding the Challenges Faced by Neurodiverse Software Engineering Employees
Morris, M. R., Begel, A., & Δ, B. W. (2015) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2700648.2809841 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Burgess, S., & Cimera, R. E. (2014) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-119.1.64 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Supported employment improves cognitive performance in adults with Autism
García-Villamisar, D. A., & Hughes, C. H. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00854.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Employer benefits from making workplace accommodations
Solovieva, T. I., Dowler, D. L., & Walls, R. T. (2011) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.03.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Viewpoints on factors for successful employment for adults with autism spectrum disorder
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Girdler, S., & Falkmer, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139281 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Examining the exclusion of employees with Asperger syndrome from the workplace
Richards, J. M. (2012) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481211249148 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., & Carafa, G. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1363824 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
An Ecosystem Approach to Employment and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nicholas, D. B., Mitchell, W., Dudley, C., Clarke, M. E., & Zulla, R. T. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3351-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Kellems, R. O., & Morningstar, M. E. (2012) · Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals · doi:10.1177/2165143412443082 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
To conceal or disclose a disabling condition? A dilemma of employment transition
Allen, S., & Carlson, G. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-2003-00199 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
ENHANCING JOB‐SITE TRAINING OF SUPPORTED WORKERS WITH AUTISM: A REEMPHASIS ON SIMULATION
Lattimore, L. P., Parsons, M. B., & Reid, D. H. (2006) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2006.154-04 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Disability disclosure and workplace accommodations among youth with disabilities
Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., Leck, J., Shen, W., & Stinson, J. (2018) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1451926 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Goldman, A. I. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.003.0017 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Becoming a member of the work force: Perceptions of adults with Asperger Syndrome
Krieger, B., Kinébanian, A., Prodinger, B., & Heigl, F. (2012) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2012-1392 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Parr, A., Hunter, S. T., & Ligon, G. S. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.04.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Employment Outcomes of University Graduates with Learning Disabilities
Madaus, J. W. (2006) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30035529 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Transition Issues and Challenges for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Volkmar, F. R., Jackson, S. L. J., & Hart, L. (2017) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20170519-03 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Comparative Study of Workplace Policy and Practices Contributing to Disability Nondiscrimination.
Bruyère, S. M., Erickson, W., & VanLooy, S. A. (2004) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.49.1.28 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Disclosing illness and disability in the workplace
Charmaz, K. C. (2010) · Journal of International Education in Business · doi:10.1108/18363261011106858 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sarrett, J. C. (2017) · Disability Studies Quarterly · doi:10.18061/dsq.v37i2.5524 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Evaluation of employment-support services for adults with autism spectrum disorder
Nicholas, D. B., Zwaigenbaum, L., Zwicker, J. D., Clarke, M. E., Lamsal, R., Stoddart, K. P., Carroll, C., Muskat, B., Spoelstra, M., & Lowe, K. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317702507 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Schall, C. M., Wehman, P., & McDonough, J. (2012) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.009 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Siegrist, J. (2016) · Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00009-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kumazaki, H., Warren, Z. E., Swanson, A. R., Yoshikawa, Y., Matsumoto, Y., Takahashi, H., Sarkar, N., Ishiguro, H., Mimura, M., Minabe, Y., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00036 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pfeiffer, B., Braun, K., Kinnealey, M., Derstine, M., & Polatajko, H. J. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-170878 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fichten, C. S., Schipper, F., & Cutler, N. (2005) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.50.2.164 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Girdler, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3611-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Trends in Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Outcomes of Youth With Autism
Migliore, A., Butterworth, J., & Zalewska, A. (2013) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355213493930 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Disclosure, accommodations and self-care at work among adolescents with disabilities
Lindsay, S., McDougall, C., & Sanford, R. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.775356 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Work adjustments among the chronically ill
Baanders, A. N., Andries, F., Rijken, M., & Dekker, J. (2001) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/00004356-200103000-00002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A model for developing disability confidence
Lindsay, S., & Cancelliere, S. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1326533 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Work-Related Communication Barriers for Individuals with Autism: A Pilot Qualitative Study
McKnight-Lizotte, M. (2018) · Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling · doi:10.1017/jrc.2018.4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Brohan, E., Henderson, C., Slade, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2013) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rashid, M., Thompson‐Hodgetts, S., & Nicholas, D. B. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3267-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wong, P., Donelly, M., Neck, P., & Boyd, B. E. (2018) · Review of International Comparative Management · doi:10.24818/rmci.2018.1.15 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Georgiou, C. E., Espahbodi, S., & Souza, L. H. D. (2011) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080.2011.598143 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Reaping benefits from diversity
Broughton, A., & Strebler, M. (2008) · Strategic HR Review · doi:10.1108/14754390810893035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Verbal behaviors during employment interviews of college students with and without ASD
Bublitz, D., Fitzgerald, K. L., Alarcón, M. G. C., D’Onofrio, J., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-170884 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Functional Utilization of Splinter Skills for the Employment of a Young Adult with Autism
Shields-Wolfe, J., & Gallagher, P. A. (1992) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835769200700401 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Müller, E., Evans, D. P., Frasché, N. F., Kern, A., & Resti, I. H. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-170912 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Groomes, D. A. G., Clemons, A., Hulme, S., Kort, K., & Mesibov, G. B. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-140674 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Étude pilote de l’inclusion professionnelle en milieu ordinaire de personnes atteintes d’autisme
Gattegno, M. P., Wolff, M., Ragonnet, P., Pascaud, R., Fenoyl, C. D., & Adrien, J. (2016) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2016.06.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sénéchal, C., Fontaine, C., Larivée, S. J., & Legault, F. (2011) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1005820ar · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- McIntosh C. Asperger's syndrome and the development of a positive work identity. Journal of Business and Management. 2016;22(1):87-101.
- Muller E, Schuler A, Burton B, Yates G. Meeting the vocational needs of individuals with Asperger Syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 2003;18:163-75.
- Scott G, editor Workplace Accommodation for Autistics: Autistic Autobiography and Technology-Enabled Prosthetic Environments. International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics; 2018: Springer.
- Sénéchal C, Fontaine C, Larivée S, Legault F. Integration in the workforce of Québec of adults living with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Asperger Syndrome. Sante mentale au Quebec. 2011;36(1):181-99.
- Goldman AI. Theory of mind. The Oxford handbook of philosophy of cognitive science. 2012:402-24.
- Ricoeur P. Time and narrative: University of Chicago Press; 2010.
- Knights D, Willmott H. Labour process theory: Springer; 2016.
- Muller E, Evans D, Frasche N, Kern A, Resti I. Stakeholder perceptions of the impact of individualized electronic communication stories on workplace communication. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 2018;48:11-25.
- Gordis L. Case-control and other study designs. Epidemiology 5th ed Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 2014:189-214.
- Fichten C, Schipper F, Cutler N. Does volunteering with children affect attitudes toward adults with disabilities? Rehabilitation Psychology. 2005;50:164-73.
- McMahon B, Shaw L, West S, Waid-Ebbs K. Workplace discrimination and spinal cord injury: The national EEOC ADA research project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 2005;23(3):155-62.
- Lindsay S, Cagliostro E, Leck J, Shen W. Disclosure and accommodation and workplace accommodations among youth with disabilities. Disability and rehabilitation. 2019; 41(16): 1914-1924.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A capabilities approach to understanding and supporting autistic adulthood
Pellicano, E., Fatima, U., Hall, G., Heyworth, M., Lawson, W., Lilley, R., Mahony, J., & Stears, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00099-z · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effects of autism acceptance training on explicit and implicit biases toward autism
Jones, D. R., DeBrabander, K. M., & Sasson, N. J. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320984896 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Goldfarb, Y., Golan, O., & Gal, E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05185-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Romualdez, A. M., Heasman, B., Walker, Z., Davies, J., & Remington, A. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0063 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Autism and Employment: A Review of the “New Frontier” of Diversity Research
Ezerins, M. E., Simon, L., Vogus, T. J., Gabriel, A. S., Calderwood, C. C., & Rosen, C. C. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231193362 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Romualdez, A. M., Walker, Z., & Remington, A. (2021) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415211022955 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Pryke-Hobbes, A., Davies, J., Heasman, B., Livesey, A., Walker, A., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The experiences of autistic doctors: a cross-sectional study
Shaw, S. C. K., Fossi, A., Carravallah, L. A., Rabenstein, K., Ross, W., & Doherty, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1160994 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“[I] don’t wanna just be like a cog in the machine”: narratives of autism and skilled employment
Raymaker, D. M., Sharer, M., Maslak, J., Powers, L. E., McDonald, K. E., Kapp, S. K., Moura, I., Wallington, A. “., & Nicolaidis, C. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221080813 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Autistic adults’ views and experiences of requesting and receiving workplace adjustments in the UK
Davies, J., Heasman, B., Livesey, A., Walker, A., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272420 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tomczak, M. T., & Kulikowski, K. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04428-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Finn, M., Flower, R. L., Leong, H. M., & Hedley, D. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231153480 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Career progression for autistic people: A scoping review
Davies, J., Romualdez, A. M., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241236110 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Flower, R. L., Dickens, L. M., & Hedley, D. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0075 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tomczak, M. T., Szulc, J. M., & Szczerska, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094696 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In the light of largely atheoretical research on autism and employment (see: [29]), to the best of our knowledge, only two studies to date used COR as a theoretical framework to explore the experiences of employees with autism.”
BackgroundResultWen, B., van Rensburg, H., O’Neill, S., & Attwood, T. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-230060 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ali, M. A. M., Grabarski, M. K., & Baker, M. (2023) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-03-2023-0092 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Davies, J., Romualdez, A. M., Malyan, D., Heasman, B., Livesey, A., Walker, A., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0087 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Longmire, N. H., Vogus, T. J., & Colella, A. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22248 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tomas, V., Ahmed, H., & Lindsay, S. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-022-10023-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bölte, S., Carpini, J. A., Black, M. H., Toomingas, A., Jansson, F., Marschik, P. B., Girdler, S. J., & Jonsson, M. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22259 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gabriel, A. S., Arena, D. F., Calderwood, C. C., Campbell, J. T., Chawla, N., Corwin, E. S., Ezerins, M. E., Jones, K. P., Klotz, A. C., Larson, J. D., et al. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120220000040007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Autism and the right to a hypersensitivity-friendly workspace
de Vries, B. (2021) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phab021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Autism disclosure – The decisions autistic adults make
Farsinejad, A., Russell, A., & Butler, C. (2022) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101936 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chang, H.-Y., Saleh, M. C., Bruyère, S. M., & Vogus, T. J. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-230031 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Indoor environment perception of people with autism spectrum condition: A scoping review
Zaniboni, L., & Toftum, J. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110545 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
‘Most people have no idea what autism is’: Unpacking autism disclosure using social media analysis
Edwards, C., Love, A. M. A., Jones, S. C., Cai, R. Y., Nguyen, B. T. H., & Gibbs, V. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231192133 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Friedman, A., Paltoglou, A. E., & Sorte, R. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241307828 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Disclosing non-visible disabilities in educational workplaces: a scoping review
Hassard, J., Yildrim, M., Thomson, L., & Blake, H. (2024) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldae004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ali, M. A. M., Grabarski, M. K., & Baker, M. (2024) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-09-2023-0476 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Using Experience Sampling Methodology to Capture Disclosure Opportunities for Autistic Adults
Love, A. M. A., Edwards, C., Cai, R. Y., & Gibbs, V. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0090 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
McQuaid, G. A., Sadowski, L. Y., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0121 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Work-Related Self-Efficacy and Illness Identity in Adults with Autism
Lamash, L., & Meyer, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010122 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hyseni, F., Myderrizi, A., & Blanck, P. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01143-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A qualitative interview study on quality of life and ageing experiences of autistic adults
Viner, H. E., Yuill, N., Costa, A. P., Radford, H., & Kornadt, A. E. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00142-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Supportive employment practices: perspectives of autistic employees
Hedley, D., Spoor, J. R., Cai, R. Y., Uljarević, M., Bury, S. M., Gal, E., Moss, S. A., Richdale, A. L., Bartram, T., & Dissanayake, C. (2021) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-09-2019-0029 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
O’Neill, C., & Kenny, N. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13070670 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Assessment of Workplace Discrimination against Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Cooper, A.-A., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2022) · SocioEconomic Challenges · doi:10.21272/sec.6(2).19-28.2022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Autistic Employees’ Technology-Based Workplace Accommodation Preferences Survey—Preliminary Findings
Tomczak, M. T., & Ziemiański, P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105773 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding Noise Sensitivity through Interactions in Two Online Autism Forums
Hicks, E., Johnson, J., Black, R. W., & Hayes, G. R. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608413 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Perspectives on Employer-Initiated Terminations Among Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum
Pezzimenti, F., Durrani, E., Zheng, S., Adams, R. E., Bishop, S. L., & Taylor, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05884-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lackey, S., Hyatt, G. W., Batorowicz, B., Engelen, S. V., Li, S., Pinder, S. D., & Davies, T. C. (2023) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2023.2170277 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Autistic Perspectives on Employment: A Scoping Review
Southey, S., Morris, R., Nicholas, D. B., & Pilatzke, M. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-023-10163-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Coming out autistic at work: A review of the literature
Sreckovic, M. A., Schultz, T. R., Kucharczyk, S., & Welsh-Young, N. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231206420 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Goldberg, C., & Willham, E. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22219 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zwilling, M., & Levy, B. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Employment-related assistive technologies for autistic individuals: A scoping review
Zhou, K., Richard, C., & Kim, J. (2025) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263241312742 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Why Autistic Sociality is Different: Reduced Interest in Competing for Social Status
Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., & Schwartz, A. M. (2023) · Ought The Journal of Autistic Culture · doi:10.9707/2833-1508.1145 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tomas, V., Kingsnorth, S., Kirsh, B. H., Anagnostou, E. A., & Lindsay, S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05766-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Policies for Individuals With Autism: Gaps, Research, and Recommendations
Doda, V., Kennedy, C., & Kaur, M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.51875 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Barbareschi, G., Kopi, N. S., Oldfrey, B. M., & Holloway, C. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471226 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Autistic-inclusive employment: a qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis
Morris, R., Southey, S., & Pilatzke, M. (2025) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaf024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stratton, E., Glozier, N., Woolard, A. J., Gibbs, V., Demetriou, E. A., Boulton, K., Hickie, I. B., Pellicano, E., & Guastella, A. J. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2066207 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Disclosing an autism diagnosis: A social identity approach
Togher, K., & Jay, S. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2990 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neurodiversity at Work: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Resource Management
Volpone, S. D., & Hennekam, S. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.70032 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vocational Interventions for Individuals with ASD: Umbrella Review
Tincani, M., Ji, H., Upthegrove, M., Garrison, E., West, M., Hantula, D. A., Vucetic, S., & Dragut, E. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00368-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tomas, V., Hsu, S., Kingsnorth, S., Anagnostou, E. A., Kirsh, B. H., & Lindsay, S. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/44354 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Job Seeking and Daily Workforce Experiences of Autistic Librarians
Anderson, A. M. (2021) · The International Journal of Information Diversity & Inclusion (IJIDI) · doi:10.33137/ijidi.v5i3.36196 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bross, L. A., Huffman, J. M., & Hagiwara, M. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-221218 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Davies, J., Melinek, R., Livesey, A., Killick, E., Sam, E., Romualdez, A. M., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241292177 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Supporting autistic employees: Understanding and confidence in UK workplaces
Petty, S., Richardson, H., Eccles, N., & Tunstall, L. (2022) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.1177/09504222221124505 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ezerins, M. E., Simon, L., & Rosen, C. C. (2025) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063241308214 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Learning from the Experiences of Autistic Professionals Working in Health and Education
Curnow, E., Maciver, D., Johnston, L., Murray, M., Johnstone‐Cooke, V., Utley, I., Jenkins, N. D., Meff, T., Muggleton, J., & Rutherford, M. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beyond Neurodiversity Lite: Improving the Robustness of Neurodiversity Employment Programs
Ezerins, M. E., Vogus, T. J., Follmer, E. H., & Simon, L. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.70039 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Transition to adulthood in individuals with ASD: What does the employment look like?
Ghanouni, P., & Raphael, R. (2022) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080.2022.2048253 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhou, K., Alam, B., Bani‐Fatemi, A., Howe, A. S., Chattu, V. K., & Nowrouzi‐Kia, B. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00150-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Klag, M., Nicholas, D. B., & Métayer, S. (2021) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894211017397 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Homeworking experiences of neuro-divergent workers: systematic review
Brooks, S. K., Hall, C. E., Rogers, M. B., & Greenberg, N. (2024) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae095 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chammas, C. B., & Hernandez, J. M. D. C. (2025) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12376 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Autism and the Case Against Job Interviews
de Vries, B. (2024) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-024-09563-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Practical Framework for Delivering Strength-Based Technology Clubs for Autistic Adolescents
Jones, M., Milbourn, B. T., Falkmer, M., Vinci, B., Tan, T., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. J. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Autism and emotion recognition technologies in the workplace
Katirai, A. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241279704 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tatom, R. C., & Newbutt, N. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1648971 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Newman, K., Snay, S., Endres, M., Parikh, M., & Begel, A. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746334 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Koldas, M., Dounavi, K., MacCárthaigh, M., & Dillenburger, K. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07139-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Impact of Response Options On Formal Disclosure Rates for Disabilities in Organizations
Santuzzi, A. M., Keating, R. T., & Martinez, J. J. (2024) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011241258669 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Petty, S., Lambarth, S., & Hamilton, L. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12729 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bergman, J., Ratcliffe, S. E., Harvey-Smith, L., & Williams, L. A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zmvjn · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Improving autistic experiences in the workplace: key factors and actionable steps
Nishith, S., O’Brien, A. M., Li, C., Bungert, L., Oddis, K., Riddle, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07036-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
To tell or not to tell – disclosure of autism in the workplace
Nimante, D., Laganovska, E., & Osgood, R. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2193489 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
‘Am I gonna regret this?’: The experiences of diagnostic disclosure in autistic adults
Au‐Yeung, S. K., Freeth, M., & Thompson, A. R. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251337504 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pickles, K. J., Houdmont, J., Smits, F., & Hill, B. (2024) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1002/vetr.4957 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Giving voice to the voices of legal practitioners with disabilities
White, R., Johnson, E., & Bornman, J. (2021) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2021.1997719 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Access to flexibility I‐deals: The case of autistic individuals
Hennekam, S., Jammaers, E., & Félix, B. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Workplace Accommodations and Employment Outcomes Among Employees With Autism: A Systematic Review
Heinze, C. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.99353 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
‘Fake Dogs Hurt Real Dogs’: boundary work and discrimination in the Service Dog Community
Mills, M. L. (2023) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2023.2227336 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tomas, V., Kingsnorth, S., Anagnostou, E. A., Kirsh, B. H., & Lindsay, S. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wilson, L. A. (2023) · International Journal of Social Science Research and Review · doi:10.47814/ijssrr.v6i2.937 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A disability disclosure simulation as an educational tool
Lindsay, S., Rezai, M., Shen, W., & Lyons, B. J. (2020) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-12-2019-0292 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A mixed-methods study of autistic and non-autistic community member participation in autism research
Curtiss, S. L., Tillman, S., Subih, M., & Myers, K. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251348543 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bualar, T. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1111/1744-7941.70054 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Strengths, Challenges, and Experiences of Neurodivergent Faculty in Academia
Bressman, N. R., Fritz, H. L., Freeman, A. R., Bradley, C. J., Koehl, M. A. R., Müller, U. K., & Carlson, H. N. (2026) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icag019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Investigating the mental health of Autistic working parents: A scoping review
Gore, K., Gilbert, M., Hayward, S. M., Flower, R. L., & Barbaro, J. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241272174 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancing the work placement experience of students with disabilities
Mogaji, E., & Nguyen, N. P. (2022) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.1177/09504222221122958 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cray, J., Hull, L., & Sedgewick, F. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241237882 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ashburner, J. K., Glastonbury, E., Bobir, N., Sanders, D., Swift, E., Rietberg, E., & Hill, J. R. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0075 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Unmasked: The Perils of Collegiality for Neurodiverse Faculty
Cruz, K. S., Griep, Y., Haggard, D. L., & Haggard, K. S. (2025) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011241312454 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liebel, G., & Sigurðardóttir, S. G. (2024) · Apress eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-9651-6_24 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A narrative approach to career identity construction of autistic adults
Goldfarb, Y., Golan, O., & Gal, E. (2025) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2025.104092 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reasonable Accommodation for Neurodiversity: Legal, Organizational and Managerial Considerations
Taylor, M. A., & Wituk, E. (2025) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/s10672-025-09546-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lindsay, S., Osten, V., Rezai, M., & Bui, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lindsay, Sally
- Venue
- Disability and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 597-610
- ISSN
- 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5165
- OpenAlex
- W2953880694
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- CIHR-SSHRC partnership
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, disability disclosure, workplace accommodations, employment of autistic people, stigma and discrimination, workplace inclusion, age at diagnosis, workplace policies, working from home, quiet spaces, disability awareness training, career guidance
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Workplace, Disclosure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
