There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders: VAN AMERINGEN et al.

Van Ameringen, Michael; Turna, Jasmine; Khalesi, Zahra; Pullia, Katrina; Patterson, Beth

doi:10.1002/da.22657

Cited by 234Digital Mental Health InterventionsMobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders: VAN AMERINGEN et al.

Open access

Van Ameringen, Michael, Turna, Jasmine, Khalesi, Zahra, Pullia, Katrina, Patterson, Beth·2017·Depression and Anxiety

DOI 10.1002/da.22657

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Abstract

Mental health apps are viewed as a promising modality to extend the reach of mental health care beyond the clinic. They do so by providing a means of assessment, tracking, and treatment through a smartphone. Given that nearly 2/3 of the American population owns a smartphone, mental health apps offer the possibility of overcoming treatment barriers such as geographic location or financial barriers. Unfortunately, the excitement surrounding mental health apps may be premature as the current supporting literature regarding their efficacy is limited. The app marketplace is littered with apps claiming to treat or assess symptoms, but even those created by reputable organizations or those incorporating components of evidence-based treatments have not yet been validated in terms of their efficacy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the mental health app literature by examining published reports of apps designed for DSM-5 anxiety and mood disorders, OCD, and PTSD. The breadth of apps reviewed includes those oriented around assessment, symptom tracking, and treatment as well as "multipurpose" apps, which incorporate several of these components. This review will also present some of the most popular mental health apps which may have clinical utility and could be prescribed to clients. While we discuss many potential benefits of mental health apps, we focus on a number of issues that the current state of the app literature presents. Overall there is a significant disconnect between app developers, the scientific community and health care, leaving the utility of existing apps questionable.

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Method
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Activation Apps for Depression
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Designing mobile health technology for bipolar disorder
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“BD tracking apps such as MONARCA and SIMBA also show promise (Bardram et al., 2013; Faurholt-Jepsen et al., 2014; Faurholt-Jepsen, Vinberg et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, Frost et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, 2016;Beiwinkel et al., 2016) and further illuminate the benefits such apps offer to regular…”
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IntelliCare: An Eclectic, Skills-Based App Suite for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
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Understanding the acceptability of e-mental health - attitudes and expectations towards computerised self-help treatments for mental health problems
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Randomized Controlled Trial of SuperBetter, a Smartphone-Based/Internet-Based Self-Help Tool to Reduce Depressive Symptoms
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Background
Utilizing a Personal Smartphone Custom App to Assess the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
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Voice analysis as an objective state marker in bipolar disorder
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone app for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.
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“These findings led to a more rigorous RCT where participants (n= 120)were instructed to use the app as desired 3months, the goal being to mimic real-life app use (Kuhn et al., 2017).”
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Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
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Background
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Method
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“…SIMBA also show promise (Bardram et al., 2013; Faurholt-Jepsen et al., 2014; Faurholt-Jepsen, Vinberg et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, Frost et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, 2016;Beiwinkel et al., 2016) and further illuminate the benefits such apps offer to regular treatment (Grunerbl et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“BD tracking apps such as MONARCA and SIMBA also show promise (Bardram et al., 2013; Faurholt-Jepsen et al., 2014; Faurholt-Jepsen, Vinberg et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, Frost et al., 2015; Faurholt-Jepsen, 2016;Beiwinkel et al., 2016) and further illuminate the benefits such apps offer to regular…”
MethodInfluential
Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the PTSD Coach app: A pilot randomized controlled trial with community trauma survivors.
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“• Qualitative feasibility studies support participant satisfaction and perceive it as "moderately" to "very helpful" with symptoms (n= 45) (Kuhn et al., 2014; Miner et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A case-linkage study of crime victimisation in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders over a period of deinstitutionalisation
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“The between-groups difference was not statistically significant, leaving the possibility that the app may be useful as self-help or adjunct to regular therapy (Possemato et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Depression screening via a smartphone app: cross-country user characteristics and feasibility
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Depression screening using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 administered on a touch screen computer
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“ThePatientHealthQuestionnaire (PHQ-9), a validatedpaper and computer measure, is one of few assessment tools that have been validated as a smartphone app (Fann et al., 2009).”
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Theory of mind and neurocognition in early psychosis: a quasi-experimental study
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cognitive behavior therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder delivered via smartphone and computer: A randomized controlled trial
Dagöö, J., Asplund, R. P., Bsenko, H. A., Hjerling, S., Holmberg, A., Westh, S., Öberg, L., Ljótsson, B., Carlbring, P., Furmark, T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.02.003 · Cited by 121 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Dagoo et al. (2014) evaluated a mobile adaptation of a 9-week internet-CBT program for SAD (Andersson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychoeducation in bipolar disorder with a SIMPLe smartphone application: Feasibility, acceptability and satisfaction
Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Mateu, A., Reinares, M., Murru, A., del Mar Bonnín, C., Varo, C., Valentí, M., Undurraga, J., Strejilevich, S., Sánchez-Moreno, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.042 · Cited by 121 · cited 2× · see citing works
“acceptability of the app, with 74% of users continuing use 3 months later (Hidalgo-Mazzei et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Feasibility and Efficacy of an mHealth Game for Managing Anxiety: “Flowy” Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial and Design Evaluation
Pham, Q., Khatib, Y., Stansfeld, S., Fox, S., & Green, T. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0033 · Cited by 104 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The authors reported that the true effects of “Flowy” on clinical symptomatology may not have been demonstrated as a result of the low sample size and the limited 4-week time frame for treatment (Pham et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Access, Utilization, and Interest in mHealth Applications Among Veterans Receiving Outpatient Care for PTSD
Erbes, C. R., Stinson, R. D., Kuhn, E. R., Polusny, M. A., Urban, J., Hoffman, J. E., Ruzek, J. I., Stepnowsky, C. J., & Thorp, S. R. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00014 · Cited by 100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Psychiatric outpatient populations have expressed interest in using apps to track and treat symptoms (Torous et al., 2015; Erbes et al., 2014); however, despite the interest, mHealth apps are underutilized.”
Background
Exploring mental health providers' interest in using web and mobile-based tools in their practices
Schueller, S. M., Washburn, J. J., & Price, M. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.004 · Cited by 98 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In order for apps to achieve the level of utility that is expected of them, more resources need to be put toward researching existing apps for their proposed uses (Schueller et al., 2016).”
Background
Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: A systematic review
Loo Gee, B., Griffiths, K. M., & Gulliver, A. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv043 · Cited by 92 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These interventions aim to deliver interactive tools, when an immediate need (such as decreased mood or increased anxiety) is identified in real-time resultant of passive data collection (reviewed in Gee et al., 2016).”
Background
Daily mood monitoring of symptoms using smartphones in bipolar disorder: A pilot study assessing the feasibility of ecological momentary assessment
Schwartz, S., Schultz, S., Reider, A., & Saunders, E. F. H. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.013 · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies using active data collection methods are less represented in the literature, however, this modality appears feasible with up to 95% completion rates (Schwartz et al., 2016).”
Method
The Relationship between Clinical, Momentary, and Sensor-based Assessment of Depression
Saeb, S., Zhang, M., Kwasny, M., Karr, C., Kording, K., & Mohr, D. (2015) · Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2015.259034 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Behavioral Screening Measures Delivered With a Smartphone App
Bush, N. E., Skopp, N. A., Smolenski, D. J., Crumpton, R. M., & Fairall, J. M. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000039 · Cited by 83 · cited 5× · see citing works
“For instance, the mobile PHQ-9 is one of few validated assessment apps (Bush et al., 2013) that has been shown to effectively screen for depression (BinDhim et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Feasibility and Diagnostic Validity of the M-3 Checklist: A Brief, Self-Rated Screen for Depressive, Bipolar, Anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in Primary Care
Gaynes, B. N., DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., Weir, S., Gu, H., MacPherson, C., Schulberg, H. C., Culpepper, L., & Rubinow, D. R. (2010) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1092 · Cited by 78 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Further, WhatsMyM3 is a paper-based screening tool developed to screen for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders (Gaynes et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluential
Mobile devices for the remote acquisition of physiological and behavioral biomarkers in psychiatric clinical research
Adams, Z. W., McClure, E. A., Gray, K. M., Danielson, C. K., Treiber, F. A., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.019 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Does a Mobile Phone Depression-Screening App Motivate Mobile Phone Users With High Depressive Symptoms to Seek a Health Care Professional’s Help?
BinDhim, N. F., Alanazi, E. M., Aljadhey, H. S., Basyouni, M. H., Kowalski, S. R., Pont, L., Shaman, A. M., Trevena, L. J., & Alhawassi, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5726 · Cited by 61 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For instance, the mobile PHQ-9 is one of few validated assessment apps (Bush et al., 2013) that has been shown to effectively screen for depression (BinDhim et al., 2015) and motivate treatment-seeking behavior (BinDhim et al., 2016).”
Background
JMIR Med Inform
(2023) · doi:10.2196/jmir · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Case Examples of Enhancing Pediatric OCD Treatment With a Smartphone Application
Whiteside, S. P. H., Ale, C. M., Douglas, K. V., Tiede, M. S., & Dammann, J. E. (2013) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650113504822 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Whiteside et al., 2014) Offers assessment, tracking, psychoeducation and treatment Features: • Self-test to assess severity of fears andworries.”
Background
Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment for Chinese patients with depression: An exploratory study in Taiwan
Hung, S., Li, M.-S., Chen, Y.-L., Chiang, J.-H., Chen, Y.-Y., & Hung, G. C.-L. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.003 · Cited by 46 · cited 4× · see citing works
“023) demonstrating validity as an assessment app for Chinese participants (Hung et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Use of Mobile Phones, Computers and Internet Among Clients of an Inner-City Community Psychiatric Clinic
Carras, M. C., Mojtabai, R., Furr-Holden, D., Eaton, W. W., & Cullen, B. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000445244.08307.84 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Comparison of Prolonged Exposure (PE) Coach to Treatment as Usual: A Case Series With Two Active Duty Soldiers
Reger, G. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards‐Stewart, A., & Lemus, E. L. (2015) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000083 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Recent developments in the use of online resources and mobile technologies to support mental health care
Turvey, C., & Roberts, L. J. (2015) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1087975 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While the mHealth app literature is limited, several review papers have been published on the topic (Donker et al., 2013; Gee, Griffiths, & Gulliver, 2016; Huguet et al., 2016; Olff, 2015; Singh et al., 2016; Torous & Powell, 2015; Turvey & Roberts, 2015).”
Background
Use of Mental Health Telemetry to Enhance Identification and Predictive Value of Early Changes During Augmentation Treatment of Major Depression
Schaffer, A., Kreindler, D., Reis, C., & Levitt, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31829e8359 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This self-report data permitted earlier detection of improvement in depressive symptoms at day 7 compared to clinical evaluation, and early detection was predictive of responder status at week 6 (P = .03) (Schaffer et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
Smartphone based Geo-Feedback in obsessive compulsive disorder as facilitatory intervention: A case report
Olbrich, H., Stengler, K., & Olbrich, S. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.01.001 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the patient stated that the impact of the application was not on the voice recording but rather that he did not want to attract attention of individuals in his proximity (Olbrich et al., 2016).”
Background
Use of a smartphone application to screen for bipolar spectrum disorder in a community sample
Woo, Y. S., Bahk, W., Hong, J., Yoon, B.-H., Hwang, T.-Y., Kim, M.-D., & Jon, D. (2015) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458215589601 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

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[69]69. U.S. smartphone use in 2015. Washington, DC: Pew Internet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/ 2015/04/01/chapter-one-a-portrait-of-smartphone-ownership/

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Stein, D. J., Costa, D. L. C., Lochner, C., Miguel, E. C., Reddy, Y. C. J., Shavitt, R. G., van den Heuvel, O. A., & Simpson, H. B. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Digital Health Interventions for Delivery of Mental Health Care: Systematic and Comprehensive Meta-Review
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The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks
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The Efficacy of Mobile Phone Apps for Lifestyle Modification in Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wu, X., Guo, X., & Zhang, Z. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/12297 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“In practice, apps have been used to help people living with various health conditions and problems, including mental health [10,11], heart failure [12], and smoking cessation [13,14].”
Engagement in mobile phone app for self-monitoring of emotional wellbeing predicts changes in mental health: MoodPrism
Bakker, D., & Rickard, N. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.016 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Discovery of and Interest in Health Apps Among Those With Mental Health Needs: Survey and Focus Group Study
Schueller, S. M., Neary, M., O'Loughlin, K., & Adkins, E. C. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10141 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Scaling evidence-based treatments through digital mental health.
Schueller, S. M., & Torous, J. B. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000654 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“The vast majority of DMHIs available to consumers are “self-guided” in that they include no human support and are intended mostly for self-help purposes (van Ameringen et al., 2017).”
Background
Prevalence and associated factors of Internet gaming disorder among community dwelling adults in Macao, China
Wu, A. M. S., Chen, J. H., Tong, K. K., Yu, S. M., & Lau, J. T. F. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.12 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
A review of popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: Assessing the inclusion of evidence-based content
Wasil, A. R., Venturo-Conerly, K. E., Shingleton, R. M., & Weisz, J. R. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103498 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Smartphone applications for depression: a systematic literature review and a survey of health care professionals’ attitudes towards their use in clinical practice
Kerst, A., Zielasek, J., & Gäebel, W. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0974-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Suicide prevention and depression apps’ suicide risk assessment and management: a systematic assessment of adherence to clinical guidelines
Martinengo, L., van Galen, L. S., Lum, E., Kowalski, M., Subramaniam, M., & Car, J. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1461-z · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Accuracy of a Chatbot (Ada) in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: Comparative Case Study With Lay and Expert Users
Jungmann, S. M., Klan, T., Kuhn, S., & Jungmann, F. (2019) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/13863 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“There are countless health apps that assess subjective data, such as apps used for assessments (eg, Web-based questionnaires) or tracking (eg, monitoring mood or medication via diaries) [23].”
BackgroundMethod
Use of Smartphone Apps, Social Media, and Web-Based Resources to Support Mental Health and Well-Being: Online Survey
Stawarz, K., Preist, C., & Coyle, D. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12546 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
User perceptions of mobile digital apps for mental health: Acceptability and usability ‐ An integrative review
Chan, A. H. Y., & Honey, M. L. L. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12744 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
If we build it, will they come? Issues of engagement with digital health interventions for trauma recovery
Yeager, C. M., & Benight, C. C. (2018) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2018.08.04 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Excess medical comorbidity and mortality across the lifespan in schizophrenia.
Brink, M., Green, A., Bojesen, A. B., Lamberti, J. S., Conwell, Y., & Andersen, K. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.020 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and acceptance commitment therapy for anxiety disorders: Integrating traditional with digital treatment approaches
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AI-Based and Digital Mental Health Apps: Balancing Need and Risk
Hamdoun, S., Monteleone, R., Bookman, T., & Michael, K. (2023) · IEEE Technology and Society Magazine · doi:10.1109/mts.2023.3241309 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Previous literature in clinical medical research is sober in its claims about the prospect of pointing to “an app for that” [29] as a silver bullet solution for addressing mental health concerns.”
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The Definitions of Health Apps and Medical Apps From the Perspective of Public Health and Law: Qualitative Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Literature Overview
Maaß, L., Freye, M., Pan, C.-C., Dassow, H.-H., Niess, J., & Jahnel, T. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/37980 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Mobile apps are defined as software programs that run on smartphones or tablet platforms [6].”
Background
The revolution of personalized psychiatry: will technology make it happen sooner?
Perna, G., Grassi, M., Caldirola, D., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002859 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…they provide a bridge to make wearable devices always connected to the Internet, but they also directly permit the collection of relevant data (Van Ameringen et al. 2017), through apps that allow users to insert information, as well as automatically collecting data via sensors that smartphones…”
Background
New Directions in the Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of OCD: Theory, Research, and Practice
Abramowitz, J. S., Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., & Buchholz, J. L. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.09.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Reassessing evidence-based content in popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: Developing and applying user-adjusted analyses.
Wasil, A. R., Gillespie, S., Patel, R., Petre, A., Venturo-Conerly, K. E., Shingleton, R. M., Weisz, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000604 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Evaluating the quality and safety of health-related apps and e-tools: Adapting the Mobile App Rating Scale and developing a quality assurance protocol
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Clinical or gimmickal: The use and effectiveness of mobile mental health apps for treating anxiety and depression
Marshall, J. M., Dunstan, D. A., & Bartik, W. J. (2019) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867419876700 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Leveraging Implementation Science to Understand Factors Influencing Sustained Use of Mental Health Apps: a Narrative Review
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Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder mobile apps: a systematic review
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Is There an App for That? A Review of Popular Apps for Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being
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Development and Pilot Evaluation of Smartphone-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Mood- and Anxiety-Related Problems: MoodMission
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PTSD Coach around the world
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Evaluation of a recommender app for apps for the treatment of depression and anxiety: an analysis of longitudinal user engagement
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A Mobile Phone–Based App for Use During Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Anxiety (MindClimb): User-Centered Design and Usability Study
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“…of mobile health (mHealth) apps have identified several CBT-based apps that adolescents with anxiety can use independently to practice exposure, relaxation, and coping strategies [5,6], one app, SmartCAT, has been specifically designed as an EMI app for patient and therapist use during CBT [7].”
Efficacy of Mobile Health in Patients With Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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“Moreover, mHealth has been used in many aspects of people’s lives to help them adapt to various health conditions and problems, including those related to mental health [12,13], heart failure [14], and smoking cessation [15,16].”
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Just-in-Time Adaptive Mechanisms of Popular Mobile Apps for Individuals With Depression: Systematic App Search and Literature Review
Teepe, G. W., Fonseca, A. D., Kleim, B., Jacobson, N. C., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Car, L. T., Fleisch, E., & Kowatsch, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29412 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
How New Technologies Can Improve Prediction, Assessment, and Intervention in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e-OCD): Review
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“Several apps are available or under development, but no study has so far validated assessment apps for OCD, and the use of Y-BOCS apps is not yet supported by research evidence [15].”
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Problematic phone use, depression, and technology interference among mothers.
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Reaching reliable change using short, daily, cognitive training exercises delivered on a mobile application: The case of Relationship Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ROCD) symptoms and cognitions in a subclinical cohort
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Global priorities for improving access to mental health services for adolescents in the post-pandemic world
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Attention and Cognitive Bias Modification Apps: Review of the Literature and of Commercially Available Apps
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“In psychiatric practice, both eHealth and mHealth technologies have been adopted for the delivery of psychological interventions for conditions such as depression and bipolar disorders to monitor patients’ mood state [13] and to reduce drinking among individuals with alcohol use disorder [14].”
Collaborative Care and Related Interventions in Patients With Heart Disease: An Update and New Directions
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“assess the impact of specific programs on mood and health behaviors (81-83), and evidence-”
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“A later review (2017) found that only 5 apps for depression treatment had been empirically evaluated in effectiveness trials [54].”
Background
Workforce challenges in digital health implementation: How are clinical psychology training programmes developing digital competences?
Pote, H. L., Rees, A., Holloway-Biddle, C., & Griffith, E. (2021) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207620985396 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“reviewed mental health app efficacy and found that generally, treatment effects of apps are much smaller than for other types of digital intervention.(10) There is some concern that the rate of development of digital interventions has recently outstripped their research validation, particularly in relation to apps.”
Background
Smartphone and mobile health apps for tinnitus: Systematic identification, analysis, and assessment
Mehdi, M., Stach, M., Riha, C., Neff, P., Dode, A., Pryss, R., Schlee, W., Reichert, M., & Hauck, F. J. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/21767 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Recent developments in the use of smartphone interventions for mental health
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There is a non-evidence-based app for that: A systematic review and mixed methods analysis of depression- and anxiety-related apps that incorporate unrecognized techniques
Baumel, A., Torous, J. B., Edan, S., & Kane, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Smartphone apps for eating disorders: A systematic review of evidence‐based content and application of user‐adjusted analyses
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Patient and physician perspectives of a smartphone application for depression: a qualitative study
Patoz, M.-C., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Blanc, O., Verdolini, N., Pacchiarotti, I., Murru, A., Zukerwar, L., Vieta, E., Llorca, P., & Samalin, L. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03064-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Conversely, most of the scientifically validated apps are not available in apps stores [16, 19, 20].”
Background
A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Rackoff, G. N., Bell, M. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1790688 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
CBT MobileWork©: User-Centered Development and Testing of a Mobile Mental Health Application for Depression
Callan, J. A., Jacob, J. D., Siegle, G. J., Dey, A. K., Thase, M. E., Dabbs, A. D., Kazantzis, N., Rotondi, A. J., Tamres, L. K., Slyke, A. V., et al. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10159-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the PTSD Coach App Following Motor Vehicle Crash–related Injury
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Contemporary Review of Smartphone Apps for Tinnitus Management and Treatment
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“From a healthcare perspective, the embeddedness of smartphones into people’s everyday lives — and apps by proxy — is seen as a way to allow people more agency regarding their own (mental) health by being discreet and private [197], eliminating the need for dedicated expensive hardware while potentially making it easie…”
Background
Mobile Mental Health Apps in China: Systematic App Store Search
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Potential of Mobile Technology to Relieve the Urgent Mental Health Needs in China: Web-Based Survey
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Development of a Mobile App to Support Self-management of Anxiety and Depression in African American Women: Usability Study
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The Functionality of Mobile Apps for Anxiety: Systematic Search and Analysis of Engagement and Tailoring Features
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“Previous research has shown that most apps are inconsistent with evidence-based treatments [30-32].”
BackgroundInfluential
Adolescents accept digital mental health support in schools: A co-design and feasibility study of a school-based app for UK adolescents
Hugh‐Jones, S., Pert, K., Kendal, S., Eltringham, S., Skelton, C., Yaziji, N., & West, R. (2022) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2022.200241 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
An Exploratory Investigation of Chatbot Applications in Anxiety Management: A Focus on Personalized Interventions
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“health apps in the last several years [104] has led to considerable work investigating their functionalities and user experience.”
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“In addition, mobile phone–captured data might be more sensitive than paper-and-pencil–collected data [51].”
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“The lack of empirical evidence about the use of smartphone apps for enhancing mental healthcare has recently been criticized (Van Ameringen et al., 2017).”
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“Mental health screening websites and mobile apps are widely available, and many provide personal feedback related to mood, anxiety, and wellbeing [2,3].”
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Authors: Van Ameringen, M., Turna, J., Khalesi, Z., Pullia, K., & Patterson, B.
Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
McMaster University (CA)
ORCID: Van Ameringen, Michael
Turna, Jasmine
Khalesi, Zahra
Venue: Depression and Anxiety
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-06
Volume: 34
Issue: 6
Pages: 526-539
ISSN: 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/da.22657
OpenAlex: W2620863547
Cited by: 234
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 3.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions (vor)
Locations: Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: mental health apps, mobile application, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, DSM-5, symptom monitoring, mental health assessment, app efficacy, evidence-based treatment, digital mental health
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Medical Informatics Applications, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Mood Disorders, Mobile Applications

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