Factor structure, reliability, and known groups validity of the German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Short-form) in Swiss patients and nonpatients
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The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form is the most widely used instrument to assess childhood trauma and has been translated into 10 languages. However, research into validity and reliability of these translated versions is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure, internal consistency, reliability, and known-groups validity of the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (Bernstein & Fink, 1998). Six-hundred and sixty-one clinical and nonclinical participants completed the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the 5-factor structure of the original Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. To investigate known-groups validity, the confirmatory factor analysis latent factor levels between clinical and nonclinical participants were compared. The original 5-factor structure was confirmed, with only the Physical Neglect scale showing rather poor fit. As a conclusion, the results support the validity and reliability of the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. It is recommended to use the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form to assess experiences of childhood trauma.
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The CTQ-SF has satisfactory validity and reliability, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.53 (physical neglect) to 0.91 (sexual abuse).
“The CTQ-SF has demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.53 (physical neglect) to 0.91 (sexual abuse) (39, 40).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Reliability section reports Cronbach’s alpha of .53 for Physical Neglect, but .90—not .91—for Sexual Abuse; .91 belongs to Emotional Neglect. The Discussion supports the German CTQ-SF’s overall validity and reliability while noting that Physical Neglect reliability was only fair. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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Mahadevaswamy, M., Nathawat, S., Dangri, K., & Choudhary, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8805479/v1
Chemsex and childhood trauma: evidence from a explorative matched case-control analysis
Wang, E., Strasburger, M., Karcher, S., Schwarz, J., Heier, E.-C., Schweitzer, T., Halms, T., Gabsi, S., Brugger, M., Hentschel, H., et al. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02400-0
- Authors
- Karos, K., Niederstrasser, N., Abidi, L., Bernstein, D. P., & Bader, K.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Karos, Kai
- Venue
- Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-05-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 418-430
- ISSN
- 1053-8712 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-0679
- OpenAlex
- W2027562847
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Child Sexual Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität Basel
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, childhood trauma, German translation, factor structure, known-groups validity, internal consistency, physical neglect, psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Switzerland, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
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