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Health-related Internet habits and health anxiety in university students
Abstract
Health-related Internet use has grown rapidly, yet little research has considered how health anxious individuals use the Internet for this purpose. Our aim was to examine the relationships between health anxiety and the extent of, reasons for, and consequences of health-related Internet usage in university students (n = 255). Responses on a purpose-made Internet use questionnaire were correlated with health anxiety scores; multiple regression analyses controlling for depression and anxiety were also conducted. Health anxiety positively correlated with (all ps < .01): frequency of health-related searching (r(s) = .163), proportion of health-related information sought (r(s) = .200), time spent online for health purposes (r(s) = .166), and number of searches for both illness (r(s) = .453) and wellness (r(s) = .208) information. Health anxiety further positively correlated with advantages perceived in health-related Internet use (r(s) = .183), heightened tension (r(s) = .364) and relief (r(s) = .174) post-search, and perceived doctor disadvantages (r(s) = .306), yet a greater likelihood to visit a doctor post-search (r(s) = .217). Health anxiety also correlated with six measures of possible addiction to using the Internet for health purposes (r(s) range = .171 to .366, all ps < .01). Some (including several potentially dysfunctional) aspects of health-related Internet use correlate with health anxiety. Research evaluating the possible role of Internet use in the development and maintenance of health anxiety is warranted.
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“However, there is also evidence of detrimental effects, such as an increase in worries or (health) anxiety, and as a consequence, an increase in the use of health care resources [11,12]”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, Singh and Brown [11] found significant positive correlations between HA and 6 indicators of addiction to health-related internet use (inter alia, unsuccessfully trying to cut back, negative feelings regarding a real or anticipated loss, negative consequences, and increasing use over time).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Besides the reported results confirming the postulated negative emotional consequences of health-related internet use, it should be noted that positive emotional consequences were also found, such as relief and calm [1,11,90].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Singh and Brown [11] found a medium correlation between HA and the likelihood of visiting a physician after the search (r=0.22; P<.01).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Contrary to previous research (Singh and Brown, 2014), the majority of participants in this study stated that they would spend less time searching for online health information (5–10 minutes) per search session, although more time might be allocated depending on issue familiarity and perceived seriousness (consistent…”
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InfluentialPeng, R. X. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107384 · Cited by 45
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“The results of this study indicate that psychological distress is one of the significant factors leading to OHIS, which is consistent with previous research's results.(21) According to previous studies,(20,37) seeking health information is a common behavioral response (ie, coping behaviors) among those facing unexpect…”
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“12,13 Although the patterns and needs may differ across the lifespan 40,41 or according to the health status, 22 health-related internet searches often combine both, like when seeking for treatment together with preventive and complementary measures.”
Kakodkar, P. V., Dagar, D., & Shetiya, S. H. (2019) · Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_217_19 · Cited by 29
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“…studies have provided support for the model, suggesting that highly health anxious individuals search for health information online more often and that their search sessions are longer and more often followed by anxiety (Doherty-Torstrick et al., 2016; Singh & Brown, 2014; te Poel et al., 2016).”
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Yetişkinlerde İnternet Öz Yeterliliği ile Siberkondri Şiddeti Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Öztürk, Y. E., Kahveci̇, Ş., Ünal, S., & Türktemiz, H. (2024) · KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.59244/ktokusbd.1424558 · Cited by 2
Peng, L., Zhang, N., & Huang, L. (2024) · Journal of Global Information Management · doi:10.4018/jgim.345919 · Cited by 3
Investigation of the Relationship Between Health Anxiety and Cyberchondria in Obese Cases
Sarpdağı, Y., & Çapık, C. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.25048/tudod.1468963 · Cited by 3
CYBERCHONDRIA: ROLE OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS
Batool, I., & Batool, H. (2022) · Khyber Medical University Journal · doi:10.35845/kmuj.2022.22920 · Cited by 1
“(4) Structural equation modeling analysis to access the causal relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and cyberchondria.”
Siberhondrik Hastalığının Karikatürle Anlatımı ve Göstergebilimsel Analizi
GÜMÜŞ, Ç., & İzi, N. B. (2023) · Konya Sanat Necmettin Erbakan University · doi:10.51118/konsan.2023.31 · Cited by 1
Clinical Digital Health Engagement and Psychological Distress Among Adults
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Influence of the Internet on Health Seeking Behaviors of Youths in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Adeosun, F. O., & Folayan, O. F. (2019) · Social Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ss.20190805.20 · Cited by 1
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From Cyberchondria to Temporomandibular Disorders: How Somatic Symptoms and Anxiety Bridge the Gap
Cao, Z., Sun, Y., Li, H., Lin, C., Wong, H. L., Ming, H., Wo, P., Wang, J., & Xiong, X. (2025) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.14041 · Cited by 1
Health anxiety and death anxiety: The role of cyberchondria and social aspirations
Macovei, M., & Măirean, C. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251341191 · Cited by 1
“These results suggest that health anxiety motivates people to seek information about their potential illnesses and their health online (Singh and Brown, 2014).”
Xie, Z., & Xie, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2555630 · Cited by 1
“However, most of the existing research focuses on which demographic or sociological factors can predict people’s health anxiety (Lee et al., 2014; McMullan et al., 2019; Singh & Brown, 2014).”
Challenges in Health Information Seeking and Librarian’s Role
Khademizadeh, S., & Nasab, F. R. (2023) · Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.5812/jjhs-138897 · Cited by 1
“search for health-related information, according to studies (23-28).”
BackgroundTeaching Methods in Science Subjects Promoting Sustainability
Jeronen, E. K. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-651-6
Effects of Compulsive Internet Use on Health Anxiety: A Mediation ModelPreprint
Lin, W., & Su, N. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3748060/v1
Abdulaziz, M., Alharthi, T. S., Alwuthaynani, M. I., Althobaiti, G., Alsobaie, A. E., Alqurashi, M., Alamrai, R., & Ahmadjee, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55255
“A score of ≥18 has been utilized and recommended by previous studies to determine significant health anxiety [17].”
MethodSvestkova, A., Šmahel, D., & Dědková, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4816909
Hubungan Health Anxiety dan Cyberchondria: Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur Naratif
Gayatri, P. A., & Ariana, A. D. (2024) · Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM) · doi:10.20473/brpkm.v4i1.53847 · Cited by 1
“Tidak ada korelasi signifikan yang ditemukan antara health anxiety dan penggunaan Internet sebagai sumber pertama informasi kesehatan, dan dengan jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan di setiap situs web saat mencari informasi kesehatan (Singh & Brown, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, K., & Brown, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Karmpaul
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-03-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 542-554
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- OpenAlex
- W2064935992
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 9.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- health anxiety, health-related internet use, university students, health information seeking, illness information, internet addiction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Female, Habits, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Universities, Health Behavior, Internet, Young Adult, Information Seeking Behavior
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