Cyberchondriasis: fact or fiction? A preliminary examination of the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information on the internet
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information online, a phenomenon dubbed 'cyberchondria'. The majority of those with 'high' (n=46) and 'low' (n=36) levels of health anxiety reported seeking health information online. However, those with higher levels of health anxiety sought online health information more frequently, spent longer searching, and found searching more distressing and anxiety provoking. Furthermore, more responses in the high than low health anxiety group related to searching for information on diagnosed and undiagnosed medical conditions, descriptions of others' experiences of illnesses and using message boards/support groups, although the largest proportion of responses in both groups was accounted for by seeking information on symptoms. Linear regression (n=167) revealed significant relationships between health anxiety and the frequency, duration and distress and anxiety associated with searching for health information online. This preliminary data suggests that searching for health information online may exacerbate health anxiety.
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Self-esteem was found to predict cyberchondria indirectly, through increased health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
“Moreover, self-esteem was also found to predict CYB indirectly, through increased health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.”
From Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports a relationship between health anxiety and online health-information searching. It does not report that self-esteem predicts cyberchondria indirectly, or identify obsessive-compulsive symptoms as part of such a pathway; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyberchondria is closely linked to health anxiety.
“This finding builds on previous work reporting that cyberchondria is closely linked to health anxiety [3, 7-9, 19, 21, 22]”
From What are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients? (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
Cyberchondria is associated with health anxiety.
“Cyberchondria and intolerance of uncertainty have been shown to be associated with health anxiety [3, 7-10, 19, 21, 22, 34]”
From What are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients? (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
Low self-esteem may represent a vulnerability factor for cyberchondria.
“These findings suggest that low self-esteem may represent a vulnerability factor for CYB [46].”
From Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results passage on the impact of online health searches reports greater distress among participants with high health anxiety, but it does not address self-esteem. Searches of our copy for low self-esteem and related vulnerability terms found no passage linking self-esteem to cyberchondria; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a direct association between low self-esteem and higher severity of cyberchondria measured with the CSS.
“Bajcar and Babiak [46] found a direct association between low selfesteem and higher severity of CYB (measured with the CSS).”
From Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
The Regression analysis section (page unavailable) relates health anxiety, measured with the SHAI, to online health-information searching. The Short health anxiety inventory section (page unavailable) identifies that measure as the SHAI, not the CSS. Searches for self-esteem and the Cyberchondria Severity Scale found no passage addressing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with health anxiety.
“Cyberchondria and intolerance of uncertainty have been shown to be associated with health anxiety [3, 7-10, 19, 21, 22, 34]”
From What are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients? (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
The Introduction and Discussion discuss health anxiety in relation to online health-information seeking, but do not address intolerance of uncertainty. Searches for “intolerance of uncertainty” and for uncertainty associated with health anxiety found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Muse, K., McManus, F., Leung, C., Meghreblian, B., & Williams, J. M. G.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McManus, Freda
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-196
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2109943853
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) (submittedVersion)
- Worcester Research and Publications (University of Worcester) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (GR 067797)
- Lupina Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- health anxiety, online health information seeking, online search behavior, symptom checking, online support groups, online forums
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internet, Information Seeking Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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