NO synthesis in human saliva
Abstract
Human saliva contains nitrate that is converted into nitrite by the activity of facultative, anaerobic bacteria of the oral cavity. Nitrite can be reduced to NO in the acidic gastric milieu; some NO may also form in the mouth at acidic pH values. In this paper, we show that bacteria (S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. bovis) isolated from saliva, may contribute to NO production in human saliva. NO formation by bacteria occurs at neutral pH values and may contribute to the antibacterial activity of saliva.
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Among the highest nitrate-reducing species in the oral cavity are Firmicutes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella) and Actinobacteria (Actinomyces), followed by Pasteurella, Rothia, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Granulicatella.
“Among the highest nitrate-reducers species, identified in the oral cavity, there are: Firmicutes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella) and Actinobacteria (Actinomyces), followed by numerous other taxa, including Pasteurella, Rothia, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Granulicatella (Smith et al., 1999; Palmerini et al., 2003; Hyde et al., 2014).”
From Do Changes in Oral Microbiota Correlate With Plasma Nitrite Response? A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as Palmerini et al., 2003
In both rat and human studies, species of Firmicutes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Veillonella) and Actinobacteria (Actinomyces) have been most frequently identified as among the highest nitrate-reducers, while numerous other taxa have also been identified.
“In both rat and human studies species of Firmicutes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Veillonella) and Actinobacteria (Actinomyces) have been most frequently identified as among the highest nitrate-reducers, while numerous other taxa have also been identified, including Pasteurella, Rothia, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Granulicatella, etc.[190,200–204].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [203]
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- Authors
- Palmerini, C. A., Palombari, R., Perito, S., & Arienti, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Venue
- Free Radical Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-31
- ISSN
- 1029-2470 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-5762
- OpenAlex
- W2083521898
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Free Radical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, saliva, nitrate, nitrite, oral bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus bovis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Saliva, Streptococcus, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus mitis, In Vitro Techniques
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