Managing diversity in organizations: An integrative model and agenda for future research
Open accessAbstract
The literature on policies, procedures, and practices of diversity management in organizations is currently fragmented and often contradictory in highlighting what is effective diversity management, and which organizational and societal factors facilitate or hinder its implementation. In order to provide a comprehensive and cohesive view of diversity management in organizations, we develop a multilevel model informed by the social identity approach that explains, on the basis of a work motivation logic, the processes by, and the conditions under which employee dissimilarity within diverse work groups is related to innovation, effectiveness, and well-being. Building on this new model, we then identify those work group factors (e.g., climate for inclusion and supervisory leadership), organizational factors (e.g., diversity management policies and procedures, and top management's diversity beliefs), and societal factors (e.g., legislation, socioeconomic situation, and culture) that are likely to contribute to the effective management of diversity in organizations. In our discussion of the theoretical implications of the proposed model, we offer a set of propositions to serve as a guide for future research. We conclude with a discussion of possible limitations of the model and practical implications for managing diversity in organizations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Within the focus on moderators of team diversity effects, interest in the role of leaders in addressing diversity has been steadily increasing.
“Within this focus on moderators of team diversity effects, the interest in the role of leaders in addressing diversity has been steadily increasing (e.g., Guillaume et al., 2014Guillaume et al., , 2017;;Nishii et al., 2018;Roberts, 2006).”
From Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams. (2020) · cites this paper as Guillaume et al., 2014
The Climate for Inclusion section treats middle-management leadership as a factor shaping how diversity-management practices translate into an inclusive work-group climate. The Theoretical Implications section also calls for further research on leadership in diverse groups. These passages support the paper as an example of interest in leaders’ roles, but they do not establish that such interest has been steadily increasing; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 8,181 · see citing works
Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425 · Cited by 5,942 · see citing works
Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women
Kanter, R. M. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226425 · Cited by 3,154 · see citing works
Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228 · Cited by 1,845 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the following, we adopt this perspective and refer to these individual needs and the extent to which the membership in a work group fulfils them as a work group member’s identity concerns (Ellemers et al., 2002).”
Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4 · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2013) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2013.759433 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 133
- Allen, N. J., Stanley, D. J., Williams, H., & Ross, S. J. (2007). Assessing dissimilarity relations under missing data conditions: Evidence from computer simulations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1414-1426. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1414 · DOI
- Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 123-167).
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
- Avery, D. R., & McKay, P. F. (2010). Doing diversity right: An empirically based approach to effective diversity management. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 25, 227-252.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
- Bijak, J., Kupiszewska, D., Kupiszewski, M., Saczuk, K., & Kicinger, A. (2007). Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002-2052: Impact of international migration on population ageing. European Journal of Population, 23, 1-31. doi: 10.1007/s10680-006-9110-6 · DOI
- Bilimoria, D., Joy, S., & Liang, X. F. (2008). Breaking barriers and creating inclusiveness: Lessons of organizational transformation to advance women faculty in academic science and engineering. Human Resource Management, 47, 423-441. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20225 · DOI
- Bobko, P., & Collela, A. (1994). Employee reactions to performance standards: A review and research propositions. Personnel Psychology, 47, 1-29.
- Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579-616.
- Brannan, M. J., & Priola, V. (2012). Girls who do boys like they're girls? Exploring the role of gender in the junior management of contemporary service work. Gender, Work and Organization, 19, 119-141. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00493.x · DOI
- Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
- Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 554-594). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
- Brodbeck, F. C., Guillaume, Y. R. F., & Lee, N. (2011). Diversity as a multilevel construct: The combined effects of dissimilarity, group diversity, and societal status on learning performance in work groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 1198-1218. doi: 10.1177/0022022110383314 · DOI
- Brodbeck, F. C., Hanges, P., Dickson, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (2004). Societal culture and industrial sector influences on organizational culture. In R. House, J., P. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman & V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations. The GLOBE study of 62 societies (pp. 669-720). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Brown, R., & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.). (2001). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
- Chatman, J. A., Boisnier, A. D., Spataro, S. E., Anderson, C., & Berdahl, J. L. (2008). Being distinctive versus being conspicuous: The effects of numeric status and sex-stereotyped tasks on individual performance in groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 107, 141-160. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.02.006 · DOI
- Chatman, J. A., & Flynn, F. J. (2001). The influence of demographic heterogeneity on the emergence and consequences of cooperative norms in work teams. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 956-974.
- Chatman, J. A., Polzer, J. T., Barsade, S. G., & Neale, M. A. (1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 749-780.
- Chattopadhyay, P. (2003). Can dissimilarity lead to positive outcomes? The influence of open versus closed minds. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 295-312.
- Chattopadhyay, P., George, E., & Lawrence, S. A. (2004). Why does dissimilarity matter? Exploring self-categorization, self-enhancement, and uncertainty reduction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 892-900.
- Chattopadhyay, P., Tluchowska, M., & George, E. (2004). Identifying the ingroup: A closer look at the influence of demographic dissimilarity on employee identity. Academy of Management Review, 29, 180-202.
- Choi, J. N. (2007). Group composition and employee creative behaviour in a Korean electronics company: Distinct effects of relational demography and group diversity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 213-234. doi: 10.1348/096317906X110250 · DOI
- Collins, L. M. (2006). Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 505-528. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146 · DOI
- Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process : Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13, 471-482.
- Danna, K., & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25, 357.
- Dawson, J. F. (2011). Measurement of Work Group Diversity. Doctoral dissertation, Aston University, UK.
- De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2008). Motivated information processing in group judgement and decision making. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 12, 22-49. doi: 10.1177/1088868307304092 · DOI · Paper page
- Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S., & Validzic, A. (1998). Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 109-120.
- Edmondson, A. C., & McManus, S. E. (2007). Methodological fit in management field research. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1155-1179. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586086 · DOI
- Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273.
- Flynn, F. J. (2005). Having an open mind: the impact of openness to experience on interracial attitudes and impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 816-826.
- Flynn, F. J., Chatman, J. A., & Spataro, S. E. (2001). Getting to know you: The influence of personality on impressions and performance of demographically different people in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 414-442.
- Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.
- Gilson, L. L., Lim, H. S., Luciano, M. M., & Choi, J. N. (2013). Unpacking the cross-level effects of tenure diversity, explicit knowledge, and knowledge sharing on individual creativity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 203-222. doi: 10.1111/joop.12011 · DOI
- Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-Efficacy: A theoretical analysis of Its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17, 183-211.
- Greer, L. L., Homan, A. C., De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2012). Tainted visions: The effect of visionary leader behaviors and leader categorization tendencies on the financial performance of ethnically diverse teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 203-213. doi: 10.1037/a0025583 · DOI
- Groggins, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). Embracing uniqueness: The underpinnings of a positive climate for diversity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 264- 282. doi: 10.1111/joop.12008 · DOI
- Guillaume, Y. R. F., Brodbeck, F. C., & Riketta, M. (2012). Surface-and deep-level dissimilarity effects on social integration and individual effectiveness related outcomes in work groups: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 80-115. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02005.x · DOI
- Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Woods, S. A., Sacramento, C. A., & West, M. A. (2013). Getting diversity at work to work: What we know and what we still don't know. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 123-141. doi: 10.1111/joop.12009 · DOI · Paper page
- Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 315-342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 193-206.
- Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199-1228. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586096 · DOI
- Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006). How important are job attitudes? Meta- analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305-325. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786077 · DOI · Paper page
- Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. (2002). Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1029-1045.
- Hicks, D. A. (2002). Spiritual and religious diversity in the workplace: Implications for leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 379-396.
- Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
- Homan, A. C., Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A., & Koning, L. (2010). Believing shapes seeing: The impact of diversity beliefs on the construal of group composition. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13, 477-493. doi: 10.1177/1368430209350747 · DOI
- Homan, A. C., Hollenbeck, J. R., Humphrey, S. E., Van Knippenberg, D., Ilgen, D. R., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2008). Facing differences with an open mind: Openess to experience, salience of intragroup differences, and performance of diverse work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 1204-1222. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732995 · DOI · Paper page
- Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G., & De Dreu, C. (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1189-1198. doi: 10.1037/0021- 9010.92.5.1189 · DOI · Paper page
- Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000a). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143-156.
- Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000b). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 242-256.
- House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, N. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Hunter, J., & Schmidt, F. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting for error and bias in research findings (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Jehn, K. A., Chadwick, C., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (1997). To agree or not to agree: The effects of value congruence, individual demographic dissimilarity, and conflict on workgroup outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8, 287-305.
- Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763.
- Joshi, A., Liao, H., & Jackson, S. E. (2006). Cross-level effects of workplace diversity on sales performance and pay. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 459-481. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.21794664 · DOI
- Joshi, A., Liao, H., & Roh, H. (2011). Bridging domains in workplace demography research: A review and reconceptualization. Journal of Management, 37, 521-552. doi: 10.1177/0149206310372969 · DOI
- Joshi, A., & Roh, H. (2009). The Role of Context in Work Team Diversity Research: A Meta- Analytic Review. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 599-627. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2009.41331491 · DOI · Paper page
- Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta- analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-767.
- Kearney, E., & Gebert, D. (2009). Managing diversity and enhancing team outcomes: The promise of transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 77-89. doi: 10.1037/a0013077 · DOI
- Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009). When and how diversity benefits teams -The importance of team members' need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 581-598. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2009.41331431 · DOI · Paper page
- Kirton, G., & Greene, A. M. (2010). The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Klarsfeld, A., Combs, G. M., Susaeta, L., & Belizón, M. (2012). International perspectives on diversity and equal treatment policies and practices. In C. J. Brewster (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management (pp. 393-415). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Konrad, A. M., & Gutek, B. A. (1987). Theory and research on group composition: Applications to the status of women and ethnic minoirites. In S. Oskamp & S. Spacapan (Eds.), Interpersonal processes (pp. 85-121). London: Sage Publications.
- Konrad, A. M., & Linnehan, F. (1995). Formalized HRM structures: coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices? Academy of Management Journal, 787-820.
- Kossek, E. E., & Zonia, S. C. (1993). Assessing diversity climate: A field study of reactions to employer efforts to promote diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 61-81.
- Latham, G. P., & Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 485-516.
- Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and faultlines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. . Academy of Management Review, 23, 325-340.
- Liao, H., Chuang, A., & Joshi, A. (2008). Perceived deep-level dissimilarity: Personality antecedents and impact on overall job attitude, helping, work withdrawal, and turnover. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 106-124. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.01.002 · DOI
- Liebermann, S. C., Wegge, J., Jungmann, F., & Schmidt, K.-H. (2013). Age diversity and individual team member health: The moderating role of age and age stereotypes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 184-202. doi: 10.1111/joop.12016 · DOI
- Lindell, M. K., & Brandt, C. J. (2000). Climate quality and climate consensus as mediators of the relationship between organizational antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 331-348.
- Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61, 349-374. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.x · DOI
- McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A tale of two climates: Diversity climate from subordinates' and managers' perspectives and their role in store unit sales performance. Personnel Psychology, 62, 767-791. doi: 10.1111/j.1744- 6570.2009.01157.x · DOI
- Meyer, B., & Schermuly, C. C. (2011). When beliefs are not enough: Examining the interaction of diversity faultlines, task motivation, and diversity beliefs on team performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 456-487. doi: 10.1080/1359432x.2011.560383 · DOI
- Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitments at work: toward an integrative model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 665-683. doi: 10.1002/job.383 · DOI
- Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991- 1007.
- Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21, 402-433.
- Mischel, W. (1977). The interaction of person and situation. In D. Magnusson & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology (pp. 333-352). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Running head: MANAGING DIVERSITY IN ORGANIZATIONS 57
- Mor-Barak, M. A. E., Cherin, D. A., & Berkman, S. (1998). Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34, 82-104.
- Mullen, B. (1987). Self-attention theory: The effects of group composition on the individual. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of Group Behavior (pp. 125-146). New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Nakui, T., Paulus, P. B., & Van Der Zee, K. I. (2011). The role of attitudes in reactions toward diversity in workgroups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 2327-2351. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00818.x · DOI
- Nishii, L. (2012). The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender diverse groups. Academy of Management Journal. doi: 10.5465/amj.2009.0823 · DOI · Paper page
- Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Swaab, R. I. (2005). Social influence in small groups: An interactive model of social identity formation. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 1-42.
- Price, K., Harrison, D., & Gavin, J. (2006). Withholding inputs in team contexts: Member composition, interaction processes, evaluation structure, and social loafing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1375-1384. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1375 · DOI
- Priola, V., & Brannan, M. J. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: Exploring women's experiences of participation and progress in managerial careers. Equal Opportunities International, 28, 378-397. doi: 10.1108/02610150910964240 Running head: MANAGING DIVERSITY IN ORGANIZATIONS 58 · DOI
- Ragins, B. R., Singh, R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2007). Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1103-1118. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1103 · DOI · Paper page
- Reichers, A. E., & Schneider, B. (1990). Climate and culture: An evolution of constructs. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture (pp. 5-39). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
- Rentsch, J. R. (1990). Climate and culture: Interaction and qualitative differences in organizational meanings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 668-681.
- Richter, A. W., Hirst, G., van Knippenberg, D., & Baer, M. (2012). Creative self-efficacy and individual creativity in team contexts: Cross-level interactions with team informational resources. Journal of Applied Psychology. doi: 10.1037/a0029359 · DOI
- Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: A meta-analytic comparison of the strength and correlates of workgroup versus organizational identification and commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 490-510.
- Rink, F., & Ellemers, N. (2007). Diversity as a basis for shared organizational identity: The norm congruity principle. British Journal of Management, 18, 17-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 8551.2007.00523.x. · DOI
- Riordan, C. M., & Wayne, J. H. (2008). A review and examination of demographic similarity measures used to assess relational demography within groups. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 562-592. doi: 10.1177/1094428106295503 · DOI
- Roberson, L., Deitch, E. A., Brief, A. P., & Block, C. J. (2003). Stereotype threat and feedback seeking in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 176-188. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00056-8 · DOI
- Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31, 212-236. doi: 10.1177/1059601104273064 · DOI · Paper page
- Roe, R. A., Gockel, C., & Meyer, B. (2012). Time and change in teams: Where we are and where we are moving. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 629-656. doi: 10.1080/1359432x.2012.729821 · DOI
- Samnani, A.-K., Boekhorst, J. A., & Harrison, J. A. (2013). The acculturation process: Antecedents, strategies, and outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 166-183. doi: 10.1111/joop.12012 · DOI
- Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356. doi: 10.1037/0033- 295X.115.2.336 · DOI · Paper page
- Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Tests of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150-163.
- Shaffer, M. A., Joplin, J. R. W., Bell, M. P., Lau, T., & Oguz, C. (2000). Gender discrimination and job-related outcomes: A cross-cultural comparison of working women in the United States and China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57, 395-427.
- Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., & Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and Diversity in Work Groups: A Review and Model for Future Research. Journal of Management, 3, 1262-1289. doi: 10.1177/0149206310385943 · DOI · Paper page
- Singh, B., Winkel, D. E., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2013). Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 242-263. doi: 10.1111/joop.12015 · DOI
- Sommers, S. R. (2006). On racial diversity and group decision-making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 597-612. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.597 · DOI · Paper page
- Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261.
- Swann, W. B., Polzer, J. T., Seyle, D. C., & Ko, S. J. (2004). Finding value in diversity: Verification of personal and social self-views in diverse groups. Academy of Management Review, 29, 9-27.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity of intergroup behaviour. In W. A. S. Worchel (Ed.), Psychology and Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
- Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 500-517.
- Thomas, D., & Ely, R. (1996). Making differences matter: A new paradigm for diversity management. Harvard Business Review, 74, 79-90.
- Tonidandel, S., Avery, D., Bucholtz, B., & McKay, P. (2008). An alternative explanation for the asymmetrical effects in relational demography research. Personnel Psychology, 61, 617- 633. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00124.x · DOI
- Toossi, M. (2009). Labor force projections to 2018: Older workers staying more active. Monthly Labor Review, 132, 30-51.
- Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
- Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
- Van der Vegt, G. S., Bunderson, J. S., & Oosterhof, A. (2006). Expertness diversity and interpersonal helping in teams: Why those who need the most help end up getting the least. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 877-893. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.22798169 · DOI
- van Dick, R., van Knippenberg, D., Hägele, S., Guillaume, Y. R. F., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2008). Group diversity and group identification: The moderating role of diversity beliefs. Human Relations, 61, 1463-1492. doi: 10.1177/0018726708095711 · DOI
- van Dijk, H., van Engen, M. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012). Defying conventional wisdom: A meta-analytical examination of the differences between demographic and job-related diversity relationships with performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119, 38-53. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.003 · DOI · Paper page
- van Knippenberg, D. (2000). Work motivation and performance: A social identity perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 357-371.
- van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
- van Knippenberg, D., Haslam, S. A., Platow, M. J., & House, N. (2007). Unity Through Diversity: Value-in-Diversity Beliefs, Work Group Diversity, and Group Identification. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11, 207-222. doi: 10.1037/1089- 2699.11.3.207 · DOI
- van Knippenberg, D., & Schie, E. (2000). Foci and correlates of organizational identification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 137-147.
- van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515-541. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085546 · DOI · Paper page
- Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
- Wegge, J., Roth, C., Neubach, B., Schmidt, K. H., & Kanfer, R. (2008). Age and gender diversity as determinants of performance and health in a public organization: The role of task complexity and group size. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1301-1313.
- Wentling, R. M., & Palma-Rivas, N. (1998). Current status and future trends of diversity initiatives in the workplace: Diversity experts' perspective. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 9, 235-253.
- West, M. A. (1990). The social psychology of innovation in groups. In M. A. West & J. L. Farr (Eds.), Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies. (pp. 309-333). Chichester, England: Wiley.
- Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & R. I. Sutton (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 20 (Vol. 20, pp. 77-140). New York: Elsevier/JAI.
- Woods, S. A., & Hampson, S. E. (2010). Predicting adult occupational environments from gender and childhood personality traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1045-1057. doi: 10.1037%2Fa0020600 · DOI
- Zammuto, R. F. (1984). A Comparison of Multiple Constituency Models of Organizational Effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 9, 606-616. doi: 10.5465/amr.1984.4277358 · DOI
- Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 96102.
- Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 587-596.
- Zohar, D. (2002a). The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 75-92.
- Zohar, D. (2002b). Modifying supervisory practices to improve subunit safety: A leadership- based intervention model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 156-163.
- Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2004). Climate as a Social-Cognitive Construction of Supervisory Safety Practices: Scripts as Proxy of Behavior Patterns. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 322- 333.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Otaye‐Ebede, L., Woods, S. A., & West, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2040 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology readiness and the organizational journey towards AI adoption: An empirical study
Uren, V., & Edwards, J. S. (2023) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102588 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams.
Homan, A. C., Gündemir, S., Buengeler, C., & van Kleef, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000482 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
- Authors
- Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Priola, V., Sacramento, C. A., Woods, S. A., Higson, H. E., Budhwar, P. S., & West, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Aston University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Guillaume, Yves R. F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-07-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 783-802
- ISSN
- 1359-432X (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0643
- OpenAlex
- W2029029950
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 22.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- diversity management, work teams, social identity theory, employee motivation, innovation, organizational effectiveness, employee well-being, inclusion climate, supervisor leadership, diversity policy, social factors, multilevel models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review