Cited by 878Mental Health Treatment and AccessGender Roles and Identity StudiesPsychology and Mental Health

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Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes

Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., Knox, V. J.·2006·Aging & Mental Health

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to explore age and gender differences in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and to examine whether attitudes negatively influence intentions to seek help among older adults and men, whose mental health needs are underserved. To achieve these objectives 206 community-dwelling adults completed questionnaires measuring help-seeking attitudes, psychiatric symptomatology, prior help-seeking, and intentions to seek help. Older age and female gender were associated with more positive help-seeking attitudes in this sample, although age and gender interacted with marital status and education, and had varying influences on different attitude components. Age and gender also influenced intentions to seek professional psychological help. Women exhibited more favourable intentions to seek help from mental health professionals than men, likely due to their positive attitudes concerning psychological openness. Older adults exhibited more favourable intentions to seek help from primary care physicians than younger adults, a finding that was not explained by age differences in attitudes. Results from this study suggest that negative attitudes related to psychological openness might contribute to men's underutilization of mental health services. Help-seeking attitudes do not appear to be a barrier to seeking professional help among older adults, although their intentions to visit primary care physicians might be. These findings suggest the need for education to improve men's help-seeking attitudes and to enhance older adults' willingness to seek specialty mental health services.

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Influential
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Colvin, A. D., Bullock, A. N., & George, T. G. T. (2016) · Journal of Sociology and Social Work · doi:10.15640/jssw.v4n1a2 · Cited by 5
Exploring the Impact of the Counseling Service on Student-Teachers' Academic Performance: The Case of E.P. College of Education, Bimbilla
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“In support of the above research, Mackenzie, Gekoski, and Knox (2006) researched on the topic: ―Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes‖.”
BackgroundResult
Prevalence and Spectrum of Eye Disorders Among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria
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Men and women have specific needs that facilitate enrollment in HIV-prevention counseling
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“Immigrants use walk-in clinics and emergency rooms more than nonimmigrants (Leduc, 1999 ; Leduc, Proulx, & Sevigny, 1999 ), and women are often reported to utilize health services to a greater extent than men (Holland, Bradley, & Khoury, 2005 ; Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006 ; Mozes & Shmueli, 1998 ).”
Promoting mental health in men
Haddad, M. (2013) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2013.03.27.30.48.e7203 · Cited by 5
“Men’s disinclination to report psychosocial problems and distress is particularly apparent among younger individuals (Mackenzie et al 2006), and appears to be a product of the social construction of masculinity, involving characteristics such as self-reliance, stoicism and suppression of emotion…”
A measure of perceived family stigma: Validity in a military sample.
Zhou, A. Q., Whealin, J. M., Wang, C., & Lee, R. M. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000416 · Cited by 3
Do functional impairments promote or hinder mental health treatment seeking: Differential results for women and men
Vogt, D. S., Danitz, S. B., Fox, A. B., Sanders, W., & Smith, B. N. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.031 · Cited by 3
Noah: a story of peacebuilding, nonviolence, reconciliation, and healing
Friedman, B. D. (2019) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2019.1672609 · Cited by 3
The Reciprocal Relationship of Physical Capacity and Mental Health: A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model Analysis
Ji, Y., & Xiang, X. (2023) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2023.2197017 · Cited by 3
“, 2005) and have more negative attitudes toward mental health treatment (Mackenzie et al., 2006).”
Background
Child psychopathology, parental problem perception, and help-seeking behaviors
Hankinson, J. C. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Determinants of Seeking Professional Psychological Help in Contemporary Ghana
Boafo, S. S. (2013) · Cited by 4
Introduction: A Primer on Counseling Men
Englar‐Carlson, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119221593.ch1 · Cited by 3
Mental Health Help-Seeking Behavior of Ghanaian American Immigrants
Ampadu, G. G. (2016) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-ampadu-gifty-2016 · Cited by 3
How Do Acquisitions Affect the Mental Health of Employees?Preprint
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“Dahl (2011) studies the impact of organizational changes on Danish workers, while Magnusson Hanson et al. (2016) investigate the consequences of mass dismissals in Swedish firms.”
Background
Gender differences in the association between attitudes toward mental health treatment and mental health outcomes among noninstitutionalized adults with depression
Tran, T. V., Rhee, S., Lee, S., Rhee, J., & Choi, G.-Y. (2019) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2019.1603742 · Cited by 3
“For example, Mackenzie, Gekoski, and Knox (2006) examined age and gender differences in mental health help-seeking attitudes with a community sample of 206 adults.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Faktorenstruktur und Validierung einer Kurzversion des Fragebogens zur Erfassung von therapiebezogenen Einstellungen (TBE-SV) im Straf- und Maßregelvollzug
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Exploring the Characteristics of Men Aged 55+ Who Use Mental Health Community Care and Support Services: A Secondary Analysis of the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study in England
Vickery, A. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241227251 · Cited by 2
Human Digital Twins for Pervasive Healthcare: A Scoping Review (Preprint)
Park, J., Park, E., Lee, D., Kang, S., Lee, T., Lee, S.-J., Hong, H., Kim, H., Park, Y. R., & Lee, U. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/46012 · Cited by 3
YETİŞKİNLERDE PSİKOLOJİK YARDIM ALMAYA İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARI YORDAYAN DEĞİŞKENLERİN İNCELENMESİ: PSİKOLOJİK BELİRTİLER, İÇGÖRÜ, DAMGALANMA VE DEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞKENLER
Kahraman, S. (2024) · Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.47525/ulasbid.1472685 · Cited by 2
Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder among healthcare professionals in Mbarara city, southwestern Uganda: the relationship with professional quality of life and resilience
Abaatyo, J., Favina, A., Twine, M., Lutasingwa, D., Ricciardelli, R., & Rukundo, G. Z. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22024-8 · Cited by 2
“However, perhaps because men, in general, may be less inclined to seeking healthcare [50, 51], they may be more likely to experience MDD versus symptoms of depression that would be easier to treat.”
Help for the helpers: a systematic review of factors influencing help-seeking in emergency service personnel
Tow, K. E., Caputi, P., Zentrich, G., Deane, F. P., Thyer, L., Simpson, P., & Risi, A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2594286 · Cited by 2
Stereotypes about Mental Health Care Providers as Predictors of Psychological Help-Seeking Intentions
Katsena, L., & Dimdiņš, Ģ. (2015) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p50 · Cited by 2
“The intentions measure was based on the instruments used in previous studies (Gonzalez et al., 2011; Mackenzie et al., 2006; ten Have et al., 2010).”
Method
Gender and Age Group Differences in Stereotypes about Mental Health Care Providers
Katsena, L., & Dimdiņš, Ģ. (2013) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p185 · Cited by 2
Sex and Gender Differences in Pain Across the Life Course
Keogh, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95369-4_18 · Cited by 2
A pragmatic perspective on mental disorders by psychiatrists of Karachi, Pakistan: A qualitative study
Khalil, R., Naeem, Z., Rajar, A. B., & Talib, U. (2020) · Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University · doi:10.32593/jstmu/vol3.iss1.93 · Cited by 2
“Results: Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed two main themes related to psychiatrists’ views about mental disorders in Pakistan; (1) Contributing and consequential correlates of mental disorders (2) Effective therapeutic strategies and recovery rate from mental disorders.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Many Faces of Creativity in Old Age
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Development of decision aid on health help-seeking for medical students
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Exploring Gender and Symptom Differences in Perceived Barriers to Mental Health Care among Actively Serving Military Personnel
Gottschall, S., & Richer, I. (2022) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.2006833 · Cited by 2
“…a need and seek care in order to report unmet needs, this finding may reflect the tendency for women to be more likely to seek care and have more positive attitudes toward care-seeking, which has been demonstrated in the literature (e.g., Fikretoglu et al., 2008; Mackenzie et al., 2006).”
Result
Crime Discounting of Violent Victimization: The Role of Crime Type and Incident-Level Correlates
Muniz, C. N., Powers, R. A., & Bleeker, K. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221077636 · Cited by 2
“Married victims may have more social support and more positive responses to informal disclosure that facilitates reporting to police (e.g., Mackenzie et al., 2006; Youstin & Siddique, 2019) and employed victims may be more likely to report as they need to take time off work to deal with the crime…”
Background
Determinants of continuing mental health service use among older persons diagnosed with depressive disorders in general hospitals: latent class analysis and GEE
Mulalint, T., Seeherunwong, A., Wanitkun, N., & Tongsai, S. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08250-5 · Cited by 2
“In this study, the ATDS in older Thai persons was consistent with prior research revealing that older Americans had positive help-seeking attitudes or positive beliefs about the efficacy of treatment for mental health problems [46].”
Result
Mapping the mental health literacy level of young people in the metropolitan area of Oporto
Trigueiro, M. J., Simões-Silva, V., Lucas, S., & Marques, A. J. (2022) · RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia · doi:10.51126/revsalus.v4i2.182 · Cited by 2
Addiction to medical websites post COVID-19 pandemic: a predictor of illness anxiety disorder among Arabian youth
Hamid, M. S., Hamza, E. A., Rivera, R. M., Carballea, D., & Mohamed, N. I. A. (2023) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00067-5 · Cited by 2
“The possible reason for higher chances of hypochondria in males may be due to the fact that females tend to primarily seek their issues from practitioners physically and sooner than males [23].”
Background
Ecological Factors of Telemental Healthcare Utilization Among Adolescents with Increased Substance Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effect of Gender
Kim, Y. K., Small, E., Pounders, R., Fall, S. L., & Wilson, W. L. (2023) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-023-09751-y · Cited by 2
“Although Mackenzie et al. (2006) found that females were more likely than males to seek professional mental health services, no study has hitherto analyzed the role of gender in adolescents seeking TMHC services.”
Exploring Disparities in Behavioral Health Service Use in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hong, S., Walton, B. A., Kim, H., Kaboi, M., Moynihan, S., & Rhee, T. G. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10192-z · Cited by 2
“One study found that women and older adults reported more favorable intentions to seek help from mental health professionals [15].”
MASCULINITY, STIGMA AND HELP - SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG INDIAN MEN
Jyoshna, M. (2023) · PARIPEX-INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH · doi:10.36106/paripex/8704002 · Cited by 4
The Promise of Self-Supervised Learning for Dental Caries
Vinh, T. Q., & Byeon, H. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0140907 · Cited by 2
“Adaptive neural network architecture [11], deep learning [12], an artificial multilayer perceptron neural network [13], convolutional neural network [14], backpropagation neural network [15], and *Corresponding Author. www.ijacsa.thesai.org k-means clustering [16] are some of the different methods…”
Method
Brand Trolling Engagement Behavior (BTEB) of Customers: A Challenge for Customer-Brand Relationship
Kushwaha, T. (2024) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2024.2308972 · Cited by 2
“…their views online depend on their interests, personalities, information needs and material and emotional needs (e.g. Bidmon&Terlutter, 2015; Garbarino & Strahilevitz, 2004; Kimbrough et al., 2013; Mackenzie et al., 2006; Mora et al., 2012; Ogan et al., 2005; Seale et al., 2006; Shaw & Gant, 2002).”

Authors: Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author: Mackenzie, C. S.
ORCID: Mackenzie, C. S.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: 574-582
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860600641200
OpenAlex: W2014172961
Semantic Scholar: d232506e2297dea5f6d1729b555e7bd93577103f
Cited by: 878
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 13.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: help-seeking attitudes, mental health service utilization, underutilization of mental health services, age differences, gender differences, older adults, men, help-seeking intentions, open-mindedness, primary care mental health, psychiatric symptoms, help-seeking barriers
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Demography, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Ontario, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Marital Status

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Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes

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