Cited by 878Mental Health Treatment and AccessGender Roles and Identity StudiesPsychology and Mental Health

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Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes

Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., Knox, V. J.·2006·Aging & Mental Health

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to explore age and gender differences in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and to examine whether attitudes negatively influence intentions to seek help among older adults and men, whose mental health needs are underserved. To achieve these objectives 206 community-dwelling adults completed questionnaires measuring help-seeking attitudes, psychiatric symptomatology, prior help-seeking, and intentions to seek help. Older age and female gender were associated with more positive help-seeking attitudes in this sample, although age and gender interacted with marital status and education, and had varying influences on different attitude components. Age and gender also influenced intentions to seek professional psychological help. Women exhibited more favourable intentions to seek help from mental health professionals than men, likely due to their positive attitudes concerning psychological openness. Older adults exhibited more favourable intentions to seek help from primary care physicians than younger adults, a finding that was not explained by age differences in attitudes. Results from this study suggest that negative attitudes related to psychological openness might contribute to men's underutilization of mental health services. Help-seeking attitudes do not appear to be a barrier to seeking professional help among older adults, although their intentions to visit primary care physicians might be. These findings suggest the need for education to improve men's help-seeking attitudes and to enhance older adults' willingness to seek specialty mental health services.

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Characterizing Awareness of Schizophrenia Among Facebook Users by Leveraging Facebook Advertisement Estimates
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“It is known from prior work that gender and age influence intentions to seek professional psychological help [51].”
Background
Functioning mediates help-seeking for mental problems in the general population
Michel, C., Schnyder, N., Schmidt, S. J., Groth, N., SCHIMMELMANN, B. G., & Schultze‐Lutter, F. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.06.009 · Cited by 39
“Although, consistent with their reported higher willingness to seek help [54,55], women reported a higher rate of (past) help-seeking than men, men were currently seeking help more often than women.”
BackgroundResult
Effectiveness and Acceptability of Low-intensity Psychological Interventions on the Well-being of Older Adults: A Systematic Review
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Sampling bias in an internet treatment trial for depression
Donkin, L., Hickie, I. B., Christensen, H., Naismith, S. L., Neal, B., Cockayne, N. L., & Glozier, N. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.100 · Cited by 38
Making friends with uncertainty: Experiences of developing a transdiagnostic group intervention targeting intolerance of uncertainty in IAPT. Feasibility, acceptability and implications
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“However, studies have suggested that women generally exhibit more favourable intentions to seek mental health support (Mackenzie et al., 2006) and potential barriers for men doing so may include gender ideology (Ellis, 2018) and difficulty recognising and communicating symptoms of mental health problems (Seidler et al.”
Background
A test of the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services
Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Shevlin, M., Maguire, R., & Morley, K. (2015) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.963510 · Cited by 38
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“However, women may also be more likely to seek support via the internet or be open to therapist contact [72].”
Background
Help-Seeking Attitudes and Distress Disclosure Among Syrian Refugees in Germany
Schlechter, P., Kamp, S., Wanninger, K., Knausenberger, J., Wagner, U., Wilkinson, P. O., Nohr, L., & Hellmann, J. H. (2020) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000020974934 · Cited by 37
“…remained significant when controlling for gender, further research should address gender norms in refugee populations and adherence to such norms, as these factors are generally associated with lower utilization of professional psychological help (Heath et al., 2017; Mackenzie et al., 2006).”
Background
Self-Regulation, Motivation, and Psychosocial Factors in Weight Management
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The experiences of older male adults throughout their involvement in a community programme for men
Reynolds, K., Mackenzie, C. S., Medved, M. I., & Roger, K. S. (2013) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x13000858 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Economic, Health and Behavioural Consequences of Greater Gambling Availability
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“There is strong support for the fact that the attitudes of young adult women toward seeking help are more positive than those of young adult men (Fischer & Turner, 1970; Leong & Zachar, 1999; Mackenzie et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResult
Depression as seen through the eyes of rural Chinese women: Implications for help-seeking and the future of mental health care in China
Qiu, P., Caine, E. D., Hou, F., Cerulli, C., & Wittink, M. N. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.016 · Cited by 36
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Earthquakes and mental health
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A primary investigation of professional help-seeking attitudes, self-concealment and gender roles of university students
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Older adults’ narratives of seeking mental health treatment: making sense of mental health challenges and “muddling through” to care
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“In contrast, some research suggests that stigma may be less of a barrier for older adults, in comparison to younger adults (e.g., Mackenzie et al., 2006, 2008).”
ResultSelf-citation
Inclusiveness of the Concept of Mental Disorder and Differences in Help-Seeking Between Asian and White Americans
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Are Health Beliefs Related to Adherence Among Adolescents with Mood Disorders?
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“Internal consistency reliability coefficients for the overall measure and the subscales have been found to be strong (MacKenzie et al. 2004) and Mackenzie et al. (2006) reported that the IASMHS has demonstrated good convergent validity.”
Background
Attitudes towards help-seeking for sexual and gender-based violence in humanitarian settings: the case of Rwamwanja refugee settlement scheme in Uganda
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“However, previous studies show that men are more likely than women to express unwillingness or lack of motivation to seek help for stressful life events [42, 43].”
Background
Health‐related quality of life of former very preterm infants in adulthood
Baumgardt, M., Bucher, H. U., Arlettaz, R., & Fauchère, J. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02422.x · Cited by 32
“A possible interpretation of his observation might be a different health attitude and coping strategy with medical conditions between male and female individuals, such as frequently reported for male and female adults within the general population when it comes to compare differences in health status and in seeking me…”
Background
Strong and Silent
Inckle, K. (2014) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x13516960 · Cited by 36
“The need for services that are designed in response to male vulnerabilities, experiences, and needs is essential in promoting help-seeking behavior among men and boys and providing meaningful responses when they do seek help (Evans and Wallace 2008; Mackenzie et al. 2006; Mental Health Foundation 2006; White 2006; UNI…”
BackgroundInfluential
Attitudes within the general population towards seeking professional help in cases of mental distress
Roškar, S., Bračič, M., Kolar, U., Lekić, K., Juričič, N. K., Grum, A. T., Dobnik, B., Poštuvan, V., & Vatovec, M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017724819 · Cited by 44
“A more positive help-seeking attitude in older age respondents was also reported by Mackenzie, Gekoski, and Knox (2006).”
Background
Factors associated with mental health consultation in South Korea
Jang, J., Lee, S. A., Kim, W., Choi, Y. S., & Park, E. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1592-3 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, females tend to share their emotion with others and be more openness to acknowledging mental health problems [4, 22].”
Background
Memorable Messages from Family Members About Mental Health: Young Adult Perceptions of Relational Closeness, Message Satisfaction, and Clinical Help-Seeking Attitudes
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“For example, the process of seeking and initiating therapy for depression may be mysterious, particularly for YAs, who are less likely to seek therapy for psychological concerns than are older adults (Mackenzie et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Help‐seeking and people with aphasia who have mood problems after stroke: perspectives of speech–language pathologists
Ryan, B., Bohan, J. K., & Kneebone, I. (2019) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12476 · Cited by 32
Equity in Mental Health Services for Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Considering Marginalized Identities and Stressors
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“For example, it may be more acceptable for individuals socialized as women to disclose experiences, seek help (Mackenzie et al., 2006), or rely on social networks and support (Willhite et al., 2008).”
Background
Gender as risk factor for 30 days post-discharge hospital utilisation: a secondary data analysis
Woz, S., Mitchell, S. E., Hesko, C. S., et al. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000428 · Cited by 32
Silence is deadly: a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a mental health help-seeking intervention for young men
Calear, A. L., Banfield, M., Batterham, P. J., Morse, A. R., Forbes, O., Carron-Arthur, B., & Fisk, M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4845-z · Cited by 31
“Young men are known to hold more negative attitudes towards help-seeking for mental health issues than young women [5], due in part to lower levels of openness to acknowledging psychological problems [6].”
Background

Authors: Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author: Mackenzie, C. S.
ORCID: Mackenzie, C. S.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: 574-582
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860600641200
OpenAlex: W2014172961
Semantic Scholar: d232506e2297dea5f6d1729b555e7bd93577103f
Cited by: 878
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 13.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: help-seeking attitudes, mental health service utilization, underutilization of mental health services, age differences, gender differences, older adults, men, help-seeking intentions, open-mindedness, primary care mental health, psychiatric symptoms, help-seeking barriers
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Demography, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Ontario, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Marital Status

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Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes

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