New beginnings for mothers and babies in prison: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Sleed, Michelle; Baradon, Tessa; Fonagy, Peter

doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782651

Cited by 133Attachment and Relationship DynamicsCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

New beginnings for mothers and babies in prison: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

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Sleed, Michelle, Baradon, Tessa, Fonagy, Peter·2013·Attachment & Human Development

DOI 10.1080/14616734.2013.782651PMC PMC4066926

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Abstract

Mothers in prison represent a high-risk parenting population. New Beginnings is an attachment-based group intervention designed specifically for mothers and babies in prison. This cluster randomized trial examined the outcomes for 88 mothers and babies participating in the New Beginnings program and 75 dyads residing in prisons where the intervention did not take place. Outcomes were measured in terms of parental reflective functioning, the quality of parent-infant interaction, maternal depression, and maternal representations. Mothers in the control group deteriorated in their level of reflective functioning and behavioral interaction with their babies over time, whereas the mothers in the intervention group did not. There were no significant group effects on levels of maternal depression or mothers' self-reported representations of their babies over time. An attachment-based intervention may mitigate some of the risks to the quality of the parent-infant relationship for these dyads.

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Sleed et al. (2013) used a cluster randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the New Beginnings intervention, comparing mothers in prisons where group intervention was provided with mothers in prisons where New Beginnings was not available.
“A following study (Sleed et al., 2013) used a cluster randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the New Beginnings; a group of mothers in prisons where group-intervention was provided was compared to a group of mothers residing in prisons where New Beginnings was not available.”
From Mentalizing makes parenting work: a review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it (2017) · cites this paper as Sleed et al., 2013
In the New Beginnings cluster randomized controlled trial, only mothers who took part in the group interventions showed a statistically significant improvement in reflective functioning, whereas mothers who did not receive the New Beginnings intervention showed a significant decrease in mentalizing both themselves as parents and their child.
“Results revealed that only mothers who took part in the group interventions showed a statistically significant improvement in reflective functioning, whereas mothers who did not receive the New Beginnings intervention showed a significant decrease in mentalizing both themselves as parents and their child.”
From Mentalizing makes parenting work: a review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it (2017) · cites this paper as Sleed et al., 2013
In the New Beginnings Program, mothers showed some improvements in interaction with the child, but the degree of change in reflective functioning did not significantly correlate with the degree of change in mother-child interaction.
“Mothers in the New Beginnings Program also showed some improvements in their interaction with the child, but the degree of change in reflective functioning did not significantly correlate with the degree of change in the mother-child interaction.”
From Mentalizing makes parenting work: a review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it (2017) · cites this paper as Sleed et al., 2013

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Improving the parent–child relationship and child adjustment through parental reflective functioning group intervention
Menashe‐Grinberg, A., Shneor, S., Meiri, G., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1919159 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The following approaches are well-known PRF-based approaches: ShortTerm Mentalization and Relational Therapy (SMART; [Fearon et al., 2006]); Minding the Baby (Sadler et al., 2013); Mindful Parenting (Reynolds, 2003); The New Beginning Program (Sleed et al., 2013); Mentalization-Based Therapeutic Interventions for Fami…”
BackgroundMethod
The short- and long-term effectiveness of mother–infant psychotherapy on postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, R., Yang, D., Lei, B., Yan, C., Tian, Y., Huang, X., & Lei, J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.056 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Advancing Optimal Development in Children: Examining the Construct Validity of a Parent Reflective Functioning Questionnaire
Roo, M. D., Wong, G., Rempel, G. R., & Fraser, S. N. (2019) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/11561 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The application of PRF measures has expanded to different contexts such as drug use disorders [25], mothers with childhood maltreatment [26,27], infant distress [28], and parenting programs [12,29-33].”
Background
Systematic mixed‐methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for imprisoned pregnant women
Shaw, J., Downe, S. M., & Kingdon, C. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12605 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Parental reflective functioning: analysis and promotion of the concept for paediatric nursing
Ordway, M. R., Sadler, L. S., Dixon, J. K., & Slade, A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12600 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“parental RF decreased over time among the control group mothers and not among the intervention mothers (Sleed et al. 2013).”
The Realities of Pregnancy and Mothering While Incarcerated.
Friedman, S. H., Kaempf, A., & Kauffman, S. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.29158/jaapl.003924-20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Compared with women from similar social backgrounds who are not incarcerated, women in prison experience forced sobriety, regular nutrition, regular prenatal care, a lack of partner violence, and no homelessness.(28,41) A recent examination of pregnancy outcomes of 1,396 women incarcerated in U.”
Background
Parent–infant psychotherapy: a systematic review of the evidence for improving parental and infant mental health
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S. K., & Wei, Y. (2016) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2016.1222357 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…studies contributed data to the PIP versus alternative treatment analyses (Cicchetti et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 1999; robert-Tissot et al., 1996; Sleed et al., 2013) producing 15 meta-analyses measuring parent mental health (depression); parent–infant interaction (maternal sensitivity); infant…”
Disseminating a Parenting Intervention in the Community: Experiences from a Multi-Site Evaluation
Maupin, A. N., Samuel, E. E., Nappi, S. M., Heath, J. M., & Smith, M. V. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0804-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Infant mental health home visiting: intervention dosage and therapist experience interact to support improvements in maternal reflective functioning
Stacks, A. M., Jester, J. M., Wong, K., Huth‐Bocks, A. C., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Lawler, J. M., Riggs, J. L., Ribaudo, J., Muzik, M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1865606 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bindungskompetenzen psychisch kranker Eltern stärken: Adaptation und Pilottestung des mentalisierungsbasierten Leuchtturm-Elternprogramms
Volkert, J., Georg, A. K., Hauschild, S., Herpertz, S. C., Neukel, C., Byrne, G., & Taubner, S. (2019) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2019.68.1.27 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perinatal interventions for mothers and fathers who are survivors of childhood sexual abuse
Stephenson, L., Beck, K., Busuulwa, P., Rosan, C., Pariante, C. M., Pawlby, S. J., & Sethna, V. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.018 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The 9 interventions that were excluded from further evaluation were : Mother and Toddlers’ Programme (Suchman, et al., 2010; Suchman, Decoste, McMahon, Rounsaville, & Mayes, 2011), New Beginnings (Sleed, Baradon, & Fonagy, 2013), Nurse Family Partnership (Olds, 2002), Early Start (Fergusson, Grant, Horwood, & Ridder,…”
The efficacy of group delivered mentalization-based parenting interventions: A systematic review of the literature
Lavender, S. R., Waters, C. S., & Hobson, C. W. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221113392 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In contrast, other studies of the New Beginnings intervention reported significant improvements in PRF following the interventions (Baradon et al., 2008; Sleed et al., 2013).”
Influential
The Evidence-Base for Psychodynamic Interventions with Children Under 5 Years of Age and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sleed, M., Li, E. T., Vainieri, I., & Midgley, N. (2023) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2023.2223739 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, parenting groups which are facilitated by experienced parent-infant psychotherapists have been developed for parents living in homeless hostels (Bain, 2014; Sleed et al., 2013a) and in mother-baby units in prisons (Sleed et al., 2013b).”
Background
Parental Reflective Capacities: A Scoping Review of Mindful Parenting and Parental Reflective Functioning
Huynh, T., Kerr, M. L., Kim, C. N., Fourianalistyawati, E., Chang, V. Y., & Duncan, L. G. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02379-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Efficacy of Parent-Infant-Psychotherapy with mothers with postpartum mental disorder: study protocol of the randomized controlled trial as part of the SKKIPPI project
Mattheß, J., Eckert, M., Richter, K., Koch, G., Reinhold, T., Vienhues, P., Berghöfer, A., Roll, S., Keil, T. O. P., Schlensog‐Schuster, F., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04443-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“PIP in inpatient psychiatric departments has not been in the focus of controlled trials so far, and the present study differs to previous ones in that no particular risk samples are examined (like social adverse samples [1] or imprisoned mothers [25]) but diagnosed mothers with mental disorders in the postpartum perio…”
Influential
Mother-Child Programs for Incarcerated Mothers and Children and Associated Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review
Paynter, M. J., Jefferies, K., McKibbon, S., Martin‐Misener, R., Iftene, A., & Murphy, G. T. (2020) · Nursing leadership · doi:10.12927/cjnl.2020.26189 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of the Attachment and Child Health Parent Training Program on Parent–Child Interaction Quality and Child Development
Anis, L., Letourneau, N. L., Benzies, K., Ewashen, C., & Hart, M. J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562119899004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Sleed, Baradon, and Fonagy (2013) also reported some improvements in parenting quality following New Beginnings intervention.”
Background
Infant mental health home visiting in the context of an infant—toddler court team: Changes in parental responsiveness and reflective functioning
Stacks, A. M., Barron, C. C., & Wong, K. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21785 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A follow-up study of the “Lighthouse” mentalization-based parenting program: Mentalization as a mediator of change
Gervinskaitė-Paulaitienė, L., Ruggiero, M., Taubner, S., Volkert, J., & Barkauskienė, R. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231220965 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The few follow-up studies of MBT parenting interventions appear to show that improvements in mentalization are maintained (Salo et al., 2019; Sleed et al., 2013).”
Background
Mothering at a Distance: what incarcerated mothers value about a parenting programme
Rossiter, C., Power, T., Fowler, C., Jackson, D. W., Hyslop, D., & Dawson, A. J. (2015) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2015.1105108 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Parenting Programs for Incarcerated Fathers and Mothers: Current Research and New Directions
Loper, A. B., Clarke, C. N., & Dallaire, D. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_13 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Safe haven in adolescence: Improving parental reflective functioning and youth attachment and mental health with the Connecting and Reflecting Experience
Zayde, A., Derella, O. J., & Kilbride, A. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Thinking about the next generation: The case for a mentalization‐informed approach to perinatal and intergenerational mental health
MacBeth, A. M., Christie, H., Golds, L., Morales, F., Raouna, A., Sawrikar, V., & Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12483 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Early Relational Health: Infants’ Experiences Living with Their Incarcerated Mothers
Condon, M. (2016) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2017.1246218 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Developing art therapy practice within perinatal parent-infant mental health
Bruce, D., & Hackett, S. (2020) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2020.1801784 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Understanding and breaking the intergenerational cycle of abuse in families enrolled in routine mental health services: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial and two non-interventional trials investigating mechanisms of change within the UBICA II consortium
Neukel, C., Bermpohl, F., Kaess, M., Taubner, S., Boedeker, K., Williams, K., Dempfle, A., Herpertz, S. C., Herpertz, S. C., Neukel, C., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05653-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Via own literature search, we found eleven different prevention programs that aim to enhance mentalizing in mothers with MI [16–21], in prison [22] or at other risk, such as teenage mothers [23], as well as in families [24, 25] and in caregivers of inpatient psychiatric children [26].”
Background
Relationship focused mother–infant groups: Preliminary evaluation of improvements in maternal mental health, parenting confidence, and parental reflective functioning
Cooke, S. A., Cooke, D., & Hauck, Y. L. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22080 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy compared to care as usual in children with regulatory disorders in clinical and outpatient settings: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial as part of the SKKIPPI project
Sprengeler, M. K., Mattheß, J., Eckert, M., Richter, K., Koch, G., Reinhold, T., Vienhues, P., Berghöfer, A., Fricke, J., Roll, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03112-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mothering from the Inside Out: Adapting an evidence-based intervention for high-risk mothers in the Western Cape of South Africa
Suchman, N., Berg, A., Abrahams, L., Abrahams, T., Adams, A., Cowley, B., Decoste, C., Hawa, W., Lachman, A., Mpinda, B., et al. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001451 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The assessment of representational risk (ARR): Development and psychometric properties of a new coding system for assessing risk in the parent–infant relationship
Sleed, M., Isosävi, S., & Fonagy, P. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21932 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Indeed, other studies with incarcerated mothers and their children have reported similar biases in mother-report questionnaires (Goshin, 2010; Sleed et al., 2013).”
Evaluation of birth companions perinatal and peer support provision in two prison settings in England: a mixed-methods study
Thomson, G., Mortimer, R., Baybutt, M., & Whittaker, K. A. (2022) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1108/ijph-09-2021-0099 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Parent-Infant Attachment, Parental Reflective Function, and Parental Depression
Anis, L., Ross, K. M., Ntanda, H. N., Hart, M. J., & Letourneau, N. L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148425 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Breastfeeding in public” for incarcerated women: the baby-friendly steps
Paynter, M. J., & Snelgrove‐Clarke, E. (2019) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-019-0211-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Postpartale psychische Erkrankungen: Versorgungslage und Wirksamkeit der Eltern-Säugling-Kleinkind-Psychotherapie. Vorstellung des Innovationsfondprojektes SKKIPPI
Eckert, M., Richter, K., Mattheß, J., Koch, G., Reinhold, T., Vienhues, P., Berghöfer, A., Roll, S., Keil, T. O. P., Schlensog‐Schuster, F., et al. (2020) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-020-03242-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maternal caregiving representations of the infant in the first year of life: Associations with prenatal and concurrent reflective functioning
Alismail, F., Stacks, A. M., Wong, K., Brown, S., Beeghly, M., & Thomason, M. E. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21951 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Parent-infant Psychotherapy for Improving Parental and Infant Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S. K., & Wei, Y. (2015) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2015.6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The predictors of change in reflective parenting therapy: Uncovering the influence of parental reflective functioning and child temperament in predicting the improvement in parent–child relationship and child outcome following DUET group intervention
Menashe‐Grinberg, A., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000566 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Mothers and Their Children at Risk of Maltreatment: Phase 2 Results
Letourneau, N. L., Anis, L., Novick, J., Pohl, C., Ntanda, H. N., & Hart, M. J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043078 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Manualised Attachment-Based Interventions for Improving Caregiver-Infant Relationships: A Two-Stage Systematic Review
Wittkowski, A., Crompton, C., & Wan, M. W. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00497-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Caregiver perceptions of the relationship with the infant were evaluated in one study ( New Beginnings : Sleed et al., 2013), using the stand-ardised Mothers Object Relations Scale (Milford & Oates, 2009).”
Influential
Psychodynamic Treatment of the Criminal Offender: Making the Case for Longer-Term Treatment in a Longer-Term Setting.
Mulay, A. L., Kelly, E., & Cain, N. (2017) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2017.45.2.143 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
From Interactive Regulation in Infancy to Relationship-Focused Interventions
Reck, C., Hagl, M., Ohlrich, R., & Zietlow, A. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000525679 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self‐reported reflective functioning and father–child interactions in a sample of fathers who have used intimate partner violence
Stover, C. S., Farren, A. R., Campbell, R. J., Day, M. J., & Sernyak, Z. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22044 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mother–infant separations in prison. A systematic attachment-focused review of the academic and grey literature
Claire, P., Ciclitira, K., & Marzano, L. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2017.1324580 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…(plus one book). of the process in MBUs is pointed out: For example, some mothers on the MBU’s will be separated from their infants later on and, without adequate preparation, may become gradually less engaged with their baby as the time of separation draws nearer (Sleed et al., 2013:13).”
Background
Mentalization-based Families First Group Intervention for First-Time Parents: Parents’ Perspective
Sourander, J., Laakso, M., & Kalland, M. (2021) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2021.1872148 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…for example, for adoptive and foster parents (Adkins et al., 2018; Bammens, Adkins & Badger, 2015), mothers in prison with their babies (Sleed et al., 2013), parents of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers (Goyette-Ewing et al., 2002; Slade, 2005), first-time mothers and fathers…”
Background
Potential efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy with mothers and their infants from a high-risk population: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Mattheß, J., Eckert, M., Becker, O., Ludwig‐Körner, C., & Kuchinke, L. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00946-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“At first, living in the mother child homes with 24/7 care may improve maternal confidence and reduce feelings of isolation [27].”
Background
Development and Implementation of an Attachment-Based Intervention to Enhance Visits Between Children and Their Incarcerated Parents
Kerr, M. L., Charles, P., Massoglia, M., Jensen, S., Wirth, J., Fanning, K. A., Holden, K., & Poehlmann, J. (2022) · Children of incarcerated parents · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84713-5_7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Savoring interventions for mothers of young children: Mechanisms linking relational savoring and personal savoring to reflective functioning
Borelli, J. L., Kazmierski, K. F. M., Gaskin, G. E., Kerr, M. L., Smiley, P. A., & Rasmussen, H. F. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22038 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Les nourrissons vivant auprès de leur mère incarcérée au centre pénitentiaire des femmes de Rennes entre 1998 et 2013. Constats et perspectives
Blanchard, A., Bebin, L., Leroux, S., Roussey, M., Horel, M.-A., Desforges, M., Page, I., Bidet, Y., & Balençon, M. (2017) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2017.11.016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Staying together: mothers and babies in prison
Mulligan, C. (2019) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2019.27.7.436 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reflective Functioning of Refugee Mothers with Children Born of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Anderson, K., & van Ee, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082873 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings could also be related to a reversal of roles that has been observed in other vulnerable mother–child dyads [30], where it is the child who increasingly provides the mother with emotional support.”
Background
Mother-Infant Group Intervention on Maternal Depression and Bonding: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Shieh, P.-L., Cheng, L.-Y., Hsu, W.-S., & Li, R.-H. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03654-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An occupational perspective on infants behind bars
van Schalkwyk, M., Cronje, C., Thompson, K., Steyn, T., Griessel, I., Outram, M., Pretorius, C., & Faywers, S. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2019.1617926 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Many authors researching the phenomenon of infants behind bars have argued that the formation of a secure attachment style serves as a protective factor and provides increased positive developmental outcomes in this population (Elmalak, 2015; Goshin et al., 2014; Mazoue, 2012; Sleed et al., 2013).”
Background
Does the evidence support parent-infant psychotherapy?
Lumsden, V. (2017) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.117.017244 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Infants and Young Children with Incarcerated Parents
Burnson, C., & Weymouth, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dyadic Parent/Caregiver-Infant Interventions Initiated in the First 6 Months of Life to Support Early Relational Health: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Lavallée, A., Pang, L., Warmingham, J. M., Atwood, G. D., Ahmed, I., Lanoff, M. R., Finkel, M. A., Xu, R., Arduin, E., Hamer, K. K., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.22281681 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Are custodial-based mothers and children's units evaluated, effective and aligned with a human rights-based approach? – a systematic review of the evidence
Taylor, J. A. T., Majeed, T., Rémond, M., Bagade, T., Edwards, L. M., & Sullivan, E. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102496 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“27,28,30,58 Of the eight publications that described evaluations of M&Cs 27,28,30,36,42,45,54,65 only one study was from a non-OECD country.”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations between Turkish incarcerated mothers’ sensitivity and their co-residing children’s attachment: The moderating role of children’s temperament
İşcanoğlu, Z., & Uçanok, Z. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1976446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Sleed et al. (2013) did not evaluate children’s attachment in their study.”
Background
Impact of the Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers on Mentalizing in Orphans and Vulnerable Children in South Africa
Allman, M. E., Kulesz, P. A., Marais, L., & Sharp, C. (2023) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2023.2275230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These interventions have demonstrated positive treatment effects on attachment outcomes (Baradon et al., 2008; Sleed et al., 2013; Suchman et al., 2008; Suchman, DeCoste, Castiglioni, et al., 2010; Suchman et al., 2012), parental mentalizing operationalized as parental reflective function (Slade et…”
Background
A Review of Reentry Programs and Their Inclusion of Families
Eddy, J. M., Pak, H.-M., Reino, C., & Reino, A. (2022) · Children of incarcerated parents · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84713-5_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Criminal-Personal Features of Convicted Women of Childbearing Age in Russian Penitentiary Institutions
Леонидовна, М. Т., Kulakova, S. V., Евгеньевич, С. Ю., & Samoylova, A. A. (2018) · Russian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(4).525-530 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Imprisoned Women and Children in Turkey: Human Rights Violations Under the State of Emergency
Gergerlioğlu, Ö. F. (2020) · Philosophy and politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57476-5_18 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Assessment of Relational Risk in Early Parent-Infant Relationships
Sleed, M. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Infant carrying to enhance parental reflective functioning in early childhood: a model of direct and indirect pathways in a sample of adolescent mothers
Linde-Krieger, L. B., & Williams, L. R. (2025) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2025.2480066 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Therapies to enhance PRF have also proven effective in samples of adult mothers and their infants (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2003; Byrne et al., 2020; Camoirano, 2017; Sleed et al., 2013; Suchman et al., 2017), indicating that PRF is modifiable through intervention.”
Mentalisation-based online intervention for psychologically distressed parents: protocol of a non-randomised feasibility trial of the Lighthouse Parenting Programme-Online (LPP-Online)
Georg, A. K., Holl, J., Taubner, S., & Volkert, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078548 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“17 There is a considerable evidence base for mentalisation-based treatments (MBT) working with adults, 18 and in the past 15 years, research evaluating MBT for parents and families has also increased (eg, 19 20 ).”
Background
Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children: Implications for Policy and Practice
Poehlmann, J., & Dallaire, D. H. (2021) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67599-8_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Une intervention pour promouvoir des relations optimales et la santé des parents et des enfants
Letourneau, N. L., Kurbatfinski, S., Ross, K. M., Anis, L., Cole, S., & Hart, M. J. (2024) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.242.0114 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Enhancing Remote Parent–Child Video Visits During Parental Incarceration Using IMMERSIVE, a Brief Mindful Relational Savoring Intervention
Kerr, M. L., Charles, P., Pritzl, K., Jensen, S., Krishnan, C. A., Ylizaliturri, V., & Poehlmann, J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02415-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, few previous studies implemented randomized controlled trials, and only one similar intervention (New Beginnings; Sleed et al., 2013) has been tested in carceral facilities, suggesting a need for further research (Lo & Wong, 2022).”
Prison Deprivation in the Infant and Early Childhood: Problem Statement
Muzychuk, T., Ponomarev, S. B., Бурт, А. А., & Спасенников, Б. (2019) · Baikal Research Journal · doi:10.17150/2411-6262.2019.10(1).10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy with mothers with postpartum mental disorder: results from a randomized controlled trial
Kuchinke, L., Mattheß, J., Eckert, M., Richter, K., Koch, G., Bindt, C., Schweitzer, J., Krauskopf, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Theil, M. K., et al. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-01013-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…with a comparable numbers of sessions also failed to find any group differences regarding attachment security [17, 43, 57], although there is some evidence of improved dyadic attunement [58] and more positive socio-emotional development [59] as indirect indicators of secure attachment development.”
Atenção à criança no contexto prisional: um olhar das agentes penitenciárias / Child care in the prison setting: a view from the prison staff
dos Santos, D. S. S., de Camargo, C. L., & Bispo, T. C. F. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv4n2-028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reproductive rights on the inside: A rapid evidence assessment of women’s experiences of reproductive healthcare and rights while in prison in England and Wales
Dabrowski, V., & Milne, E. (2022) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/17488958221117925 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…et al., 2008); how women’s health and wellbeing will impact the child (Codd, 2012; North, n.d.); breastfeeding outcomes (Abbott and Scott, 2017; Tremarco et al., 2020); or to evaluate programmes designed to ‘teach’ women how to be ‘better’ mothers (Baradon et al., 2008; Sleed et al., 2013).”
Background
A rapid evidence review of clinical risk factors for poor perinatal mental health in women’s prisons in England
Pitfield, C., Binley, J., Soni, S., Pontvert, C., & Callender, M. (2023) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2023.2212657 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychodynamic Approaches to Treating Violent Offenders in Psychiatric Wards and Clinics
Mea, E., Nappi, G., & Latorre, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_185 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A rapid review of the evidence on models of service delivery for correctional centre-based mothers and children’s units: does our approach need to change?
Taylor, J., Majeed, T., Remond, M., Bagade, T., Edwards, L., Austin, K., Smith, E., Howard, M., & Sullivan, E. (2024) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012979 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Complexities of midwifery care delivered to perinatal women in prison: A qualitative study
Cahalin, K., Clews, C., Pendleton, J., & Callender, M. (2024) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2024.104099 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modelling the associations between parental depressive symptoms, hypomanic traits, and infant socio-emotional development: The mediating role of parental reflective functioning
Raouna, A., Girard, L., & MacBeth, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.096 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The psychotherapist as the crucial factor in fostering the relationships in the triangle supporting the child: second audit and evaluation of the child psychotherapy service at the Randolph Beresford early years centre
Pretorius, I., Batiste-Harel, D., & Martin, P. (2018) · Infant Observation · doi:10.1080/13698036.2018.1553684 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prevention of Female Offender Recidivism Through Vocational Training and Socially Useful Work in the Correctional Institutions of Russia, Germany and Switzerland
Latysheva, L., Muzychuk, T., & Spasennikova, M. (2020) · Russian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).67-75 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

New Beginnings –an experience-based programme addressing the attachment relationship between mothers and their babies in prisons
Baradon, T., Fonagy, P., Bland, K., Lénárd, K., & Sleed, M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00754170802208065 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
African mothers experiences of the "New Beginnings" mother-infant group psychotherapy programme : reflecting on mothering while living in a shelter.
Hardudh-Dass, H. (2013) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“NEW BEGINNINGS” IN SOUTH AFRICAN SHELTERS FOR THE HOMELESS: PILOTING OF A GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR HIGH‐RISK MOTHER–INFANT DYADS
Bain, K. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21457 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
New beginnings: A time-limited, group intervention for high-risk infants and mothers
Baradon, T., Sleed, M., Atkins, R., Campbell, C., Fagin, A., van Schaick, R., & Fonagy, P. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Alternative to Mother and Infants Behind Bars
Kwarteng‐Amaning, V., Svoboda, J. D., Bachynsky, N., & Linthicum, L. C. (2019) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0000000000000398 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Authors: Sleed, M., Baradon, T., & Fonagy, P.
Affiliations: Anna Freud Centre (GB)
Corresponding author: Sleed, Michelle
ORCID: Sleed, Michelle
Baradon, Tessa
Fonagy, Peter
Venue: Attachment & Human Development
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2013-04-04
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 349-367
ISSN: 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
1469-2988
DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2013.782651
PMC: PMC4066926
OpenAlex: W1975890655
Cited by: 132
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 7.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0510-10228)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: incarcerated mothers, parent-infant relationship, attachment-based intervention, parental reflective functioning, parent-infant interaction, maternal depression, maternal representations, group intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Object Attachment, Prisoners, Cluster Analysis, Qualitative Research, Young Adult

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