The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course
Abstract
This article updates a 1990 review of the effects of tobacco abstinence by reviewing (a) which symptoms are valid indicators of tobacco abstinence and (b) the time course of tobacco abstinence symptoms. The author searched several databases to locate more than 3,500 citations on tobacco abstinence effects between 1990 and 2004; 120 of these were used in this review. Data collection and interpretation were based solely on the author's subjective judgments. For brevity, the review does not evaluate craving, hunger, performance, and several other possible outcomes as withdrawal symptoms. Anger, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, impatience, insomnia, and restlessness are valid withdrawal symptoms that peak within the first week and last 2-4 weeks. Constipation, cough, dizziness, increased dreaming, and mouth ulcers may be abstinence effects. Drowsiness, fatigue, and several physical symptoms are not abstinence effects. In conclusion, no major changes are suggested for DSM-IV criteria for tobacco/nicotine withdrawal, but some deletions are suggested for ICD-10 criteria. Future studies need to investigate several possible new symptoms of withdrawal and to define more clearly the time course of symptoms.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Aside from urges to smoke, the most common symptoms involve emotional dysregulation and cognitive deficits (13, 14).”
From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Seven nicotine withdrawal symptoms were validated in a recent comprehensive review on the topic [119] and appear in the DSM-IV-TR [120]. The symptoms are irritability/anger/frustration, anxiety, depression/negative affect, concentration problems, impatience, insomnia, and restlessness.”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are typically reported to reach a peak within the first week of abstinence and taper off for the next 3–4 weeks [119, 124]. However, some reports indicate that symptoms can subside within 10 days [125], while others indicate that withdrawal symptoms may persist past 31 days [126, 127].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“In addition to this, chronic changes in the CNS lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating and increased appetite) that make the experience of not smoking aversive and generate the need to smoke (19,20).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Nicotine administration also increases the extracellular noradrenaline in various parts of the brain (32–35);”
From Tobacco addiction (2008) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Most nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adults peak at one week.18”
From Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Newborn Neurobehavior: Effects at 10 to 27 Days (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased craving, depressed mood, and increased anxiety (Hughes, 1992(Hughes, , 2007)).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 2007
In the citing paper
“This is in line with evidence from ex-smokers who report that withdrawal symptoms abate a few weeks after smoking cessation (Hughes, 2007).”
From An application of the stress-diathesis model: A review about the association between smoking tobacco, smoking cessation, and mental health (2023) · cites this paper as Hughes, 2007
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
(2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 · Cited by 4,412
McNair, D. M. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,527
Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162
Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal
Hughes, J. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013 · Cited by 1,669
Self-citationA cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes
Tiffany, S. T. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.147 · Cited by 1,554
Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context.
Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.3.697 · Cited by 1,374
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems
Smart, R. G., Cappell, H., Glaser, F. B., Israel, Y., Kalant, H., Popham, R. E., Schmidt, W., & Sellers, E. M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2719-6 · Cited by 1,114
Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 · Cited by 1,113
Best evidence synthesis: An intelligent alternative to meta-analysis
Slavin, R. E. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)00097-a · Cited by 951
Drug Interactions with Tobacco Smoking
Zevin, S., & Benowitz, N. L. (1999) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-199936060-00004 · Cited by 711
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 782
S -Adenosyl- l -Methionine (SAMe) for Smoking Abstinence: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Sood, A., Prasad, K., Croghan, I. T., Schroeder, D. R., Ehlers, S. L., & Ebbert, J. O. (2012) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0462 · Cited by 13
“2 Previous stop attempts, N (%) None 5 (12) 7 (18) 5 (12) 1–2 17 (42) 13 (32) 18 (45) 3–5 16 (40) 15 (38) 8 (20) 6 or more 2 (5) 5 (12) 9 (22)”
Lee, D. C., Perkins, K. A., Zimmerman, E., Robbins, G., & Kelly, T. H. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr102 · Cited by 12
Keith, D. R., Kurti, A. N., Davis, D. R., Zvorsky, I. A., & Higgins, S. T. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.016 · Cited by 11
[Stress and smoking in treatment-seeking smokers].
Dupont, P., Reynaud, M., & Aubin, H. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Kim, G. E., Kim, M. H., Lim, W., & Kim, S. I. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.095 · Cited by 11
Zong, Q., Li, H., Jiang, N., Gong, Y., Zheng, J., & Yin, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.980208 · Cited by 10
Yimsaard, P., Gravely, S. M. L., Meng, G., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A. J., Borland, R., Hammond, D. G., Kasza, K. A., Li, L., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01058-2 · Cited by 11
“There was evidence indicated that nicotine could reduce the symptoms of depression in the short-term (Picciotto et al., 2002) and nicotine abstinence can accelerate withdrawal symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety) (Hughes, 2007).”
Use of cannabis among youth who vape nicotine
Davis, D. R., Bold, K. W., Wu, R., et al. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108173 · Cited by 11
Balmford, J., Leifert, J. A., & Jaehne, A. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1182 · Cited by 11
“[36].”
Fernandez, D. P., Kuss, D. J., Justice, L. V., Fernandez, E. F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02519-w · Cited by 11
“…self-reported withdrawal-like symptoms by pornography users (i.e., depressed mood, irritability/frustration, anxiety and difficulty in concentrating—Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019; Fernandez et al., 2021) overlap to a considerable extent with symptoms of cigarette-smoking withdrawal (Hughes, 2007a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Critical Review of Repurposing Apomorphine for Smoking Cessation
Morales‐Rosado, J. A., Cousin, M. A., Ebbert, J. O., & Klee, E. W. (2015) · Assay and Drug Development Technologies · doi:10.1089/adt.2015.680 · Cited by 11
“typically peak within the first week of abstinence and taper off in the following 3–4 weeks.(79) Nicotine withdrawal has been observed in rats at 2 and 7 days after the termination of a constant 14-day infusion of nicotine.”
Jeong, S. H., Sheridan, J. L., Newcombe, D. A. L., & Tingle, M. D. (2017) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498254.2017.1409916 · Cited by 11
Huber, G. L., & Mahajan, V. K. (2008) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/0115677-200816050-00010 · Cited by 11
Cortez-Garland, M., Cohen, L. M., VanderVeen, J. W., & Cook, K. L. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.016 · Cited by 11
Measures of nicotine dependence in adolescents: An update of the evidence 2000–2010
Contreras, G. A., Rodriguez, D., Wellman, R. J., DiFranza, J. R., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry · doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586366 · Cited by 13
Poole, R. L., Connor, D. A., & Gould, T. J. (2014) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000003 · Cited by 11
Translational Research in Nicotine DependencePreprint
Turner, J. R., Gold, A. B., Schnoll, R. A., & Blendy, J. A. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012153 · Cited by 11
Lakosa, A., Rahimian, A., Tomasi, F., Marti, F., Reynolds, L. M., Tochon, L., David, V., Danckaert, A., Canonne, C., Tahraoui, S., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01563-x · Cited by 10
Hughes, J. R., Peters, E. N., Callas, P. W., Peasley-Miklus, C., Oga, E., Etter, J.-F., & Morley, N. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz169 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNollen, N. L., Ahluwalia, J. S., Mayo, M. S., Ellerbeck, E. F., Leavens, E. L. S., Salzman, G. A., Shanks, D., Woodward, J. M., Greiner, K. A., & Cox, L. S. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.17895 · Cited by 10
Bao, K., Zheng, K., Zhou, X., Chen, B., He, Z., & Zhu, D. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2302383 · Cited by 16
“These effects could have a direct impact on exercise performance [22,27,28].”
BackgroundResultTobacco Use Treatment in Primary Care Patients with Psychiatric Illness
Cerimele, J. M., Halperin, A. C., & Saxon, A. J. (2014) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2014.03.130252 · Cited by 8
“These symptoms may last up to 4 weeks, with most patients experiencing a higher intensity of symptoms during the first week of abstinence.(37) Primary care physicians can help patients understand the nicotine withdrawal syndrome and offer treatment with nicotine replacement therapy, other approved cessation medication…”
BackgroundZakiniaeiz, Y., Liu, H., Gao, H., Najafzadeh, S., Ropchan, J. R., Nabulsi, N., Huang, Y. H., Matuskey, D., Chen, M.-K., Cosgrove, K., et al. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac026 · Cited by 10
Pinheiro, C. R., Oliveira, E., Manhães, A. C., Fraga, M. C., Claudio-Neto, S., Younes-Rapozo, V., Denucci, B. L., de Moura, E. G., & Lisboa, P. C. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.012 · Cited by 10
Cigarette Nicotine Content as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Smoking
Robinson, J. D., Kypriotakis, G., Karam‐Hage, M., Green, C. E., Hatsukami, D. K., Cinciripini, P. M., & Donny, E. C. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx068 · Cited by 10
More than Smoke and Patches: The Quest for Pharmacotherapies to Treat Tobacco Use Disorder
Moerke, M. J., McMahon, L. R., & Wilkerson, J. L. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.119.018028 · Cited by 11
“Discontinuation of nicotine use in dependent individuals leads to increases in stress, appetite, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability as well as disruptions in cognition (Hughes, 2007; American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Wesnes et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSpecific Relapse Predictors: Could Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Smoking Cessation Be Improved?
Martínez-Vispo, C., López‐Durán, A., Senra, C., & Becoña, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124317 · Cited by 9
“mood/sadness, irritability, frustration, anxiety, anger, difficulty concentrating, restlessness/impatience, sleep-related problems, increased appetite, or weight gain [17,18], which are usually assessed together as a composite score.”
BackgroundThomas, K. H., Davies, N. M., Taylor, A. E., Taylor, G. M. J., Gunnell, D., Martin, R. M., & Douglas, I. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15338 · Cited by 10
“[52], evidence showing a clear association with self-harm is lacking.”
BackgroundGhitza, U. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00180 · Cited by 10
Role of the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway in Nicotine Dependence and Co-morbid Disorders
Fisher, M. L., Loukola, A., Kaprio, J. A., & Turner, J. R. (2015) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.006 · Cited by 10
“These symptoms primarily include depressed mood states, anxiety, irritability, concentration difficulties, and craving (Hughes, 2007).”
Copeland, A. L., Kulesza, M., & Hecht, G. S. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.007 · Cited by 10
“These symptoms may persist for 2–4 weeks postcessation, and they tend to peak in the first week post-cessation (Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundWest, R., & Brown, J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118484890.ch9 · Cited by 12
Zhou, X., Huang, Z., Song, Q., Xia, X., Cheng, A., Liu, Z., Wang, M., Ji, T., Aihemaiti, A., Xie, Y., et al. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70235 · Cited by 10
“It is important to note that many of the AEs observed were likely related to the common withdrawal symptoms of smoking cessation, such as insomnia, depression, abnormal dreams, constipation and head-ache [46].”
Komninou, M. A., Egli, S., Rossi, A., Ernst, J., Krauthammer, M. O., Schuepbach, R. A., Delgado, M., & Bartussek, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1347071 · Cited by 9
“To minimize the in fl uence of confounding variables, we excluded “ quitters ” from the study to account for potential lingering effects of nicotine (30) and the persistence of tobacco abstinence symptoms (31).”
BackgroundSmith, M. L., Mignogna, K. M., Rokita, J. L., Macleod, L. C., Damaj, M. I., & Miles, M. F. (2023) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12844 · Cited by 9
“The most prominent withdrawal symptoms are irritability, anxiety, anger, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbance, increased appetite, and weight gain.(7) There is also a particularly high risk of relapse during withdrawal, with 50%–75% of smokers relapsing during the first week of abstinence.”
BackgroundCovey, L. S., Hu, M., Winhusen, T. M., Lima, J. E., Berlin, I., & Nunes, E. V. (2015) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.07.004 · Cited by 9
Update on smoking cessation therapies
Glynn, D. A., Cryan, J. F., Kent, P., Flynn, R. A., & Kennedy, M. P. (2009) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-009-0022-9 · Cited by 9
Examining smoking dependence motives among African American light smokers
Bronars, C. A., Faseru, B., Krebill, R., Mayo, M. S., Snow, T. M., Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Cox, L. S. (2014) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2014.7 · Cited by 9
“Previous research has shown negative mood states and difficulty concentrating as symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (Hughes, 1992, 2007; Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986).”
BackgroundChronic and Acute Nicotine Exposure Versus Placebo in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Brooks, S. J., Ipser, J., & Stein, D. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805373-7.00028-1 · Cited by 10
Patel, D. G., Vishwakarma, P. K., Patel, R., & Jain, N. S. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112997 · Cited by 7
Chakraborti, Y., Coffman, D. L., & Piper, M. E. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac068 · Cited by 9
Domi, A., Domi, E., Lagström, O., Gobbo, F., Jerlhag, E., & Adermark, L. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0468-22.2023 · Cited by 9
“Recordings were conducted within the first weeks of abstinence, that are described as the most critical for smokers that want to quit (Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundProfile of Brazilian smokers in the National Program for Tobacco Control
Rodrigues, N. C. P., Neves, R. D., Mendes, D. D. S., et al. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1611 · Cited by 9
Pharmacological, sensorimotor, and expectancy effects on tobacco withdrawal: a preliminary study
Guillot, C. R., Stone, M. D., Geary, B. A., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Tidey, J. W., Cook, J. W., & Leventhal, A. M. (2015) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2484 · Cited by 9
“; and (3) sensorimotor—elimination of the smoking ritual, including the act of lighting and puffing a cigarette, the sensations of smoke in the airways, and the taste and smell of the cigarette (Shiffman et al., 2004; Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundResultVerlhiac, J., Chappé, J., & Meyer, T. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00809.x · Cited by 10
The Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Clinical and Public Policy Implications
Gardner, P. D., Tapper, A. R., King, J. A., DiFranza, J. R., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2009) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260903900211 · Cited by 9
“In humans, nicotine withdrawal causes craving, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, and impatience (Hughes, 2007; Kenny & Markou, 2001).”
BackgroundPark, A. D., Farrahi, L. N., Pang, R. D., Guillot, C. R., Aguirre, C., & Leventhal, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.766 · Cited by 9
“To test this mediational model, we examined whether individual differences in negative urgency differentiated the extent to which experimentally manipulated acute tobacco abstinence influenced state affect and urge to smoke as well as a secondary outcome measure of tobacco withdrawal symptoms (a cluster of features co…”
BackgroundExercise attenuates negative effects of abstinence during 72 hours of smoking deprivation.
Conklin, C. A., Soreca, I., Kupfer, D. J., Cheng, Y., Salkeld, R. P., Mumma, J. M., Jakicic, J. M., & Joyce, C. J. (2017) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000128 · Cited by 9
“Finding more effective methods of reducing elevations in negative mood, also commonly experienced during nicotine withdrawal (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Source Information, 2015; Hughes, 1992; Hughes, 2007; West, Hajek, & Belcher, 1989), may further aid efforts to quit.”
Holma, K. M., Holma, I. A. K., Ketokivi, M. A., Oquendo, M. A., & Isometsä, E. T. (2018) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1480986 · Cited by 9
“A self-medication hypothesis of MDD causing smoking is supported by studies showing that smoking cessation results in depression (Glassman, Covey, Stetner, & Rivelli, 2001; Stage, Glassman, & Covey, 1996), and depressive mood is usually part of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (Hughes, 2007).”
Barakat, M. M., Alqudah, R., Alfayoumi, I. N., Al-Obaidi, H. J., Jirjees, F., & Basheti, I. A. (2021) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-021-00219-9 · Cited by 9
“In addition, the consequences of withdrawal symptoms, such as poor concentration or depression, could disturb the normal day of the life of the individual [34].”
BackgroundBeyond Functional Localization
Sutherland, M. T., Liang, X., Yang, Y., & Stein, E. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118472415.ch20 · Cited by 9
Aung, M. N., Yuasa, M., Lorga, T., Moolphate, S., Fukuda, H., Kitajima, T., Yokokawa, H., Minematsu, K., Tanimura, S., Hiratsuka, Y., et al. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-419 · Cited by 9
“Participants in this arm will receive NRT when they have nicotine withdrawal symptoms [17,18].”
BackgroundMethodKeady, J. V., Hessing, M. C., Songrady, J. C., McLaurin, K. A., & Turner, J. R. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00656-6 · Cited by 9
“The cessation of nicotine use results in cravings, affective dysfunction (e.g. increased feelings of anger, anxiety, and depression), and cognitive deficits (difficulty concentrating) [5–7].”
BackgroundNicotine as a Factor in Stress Responsiveness Among Detoxified Alcoholics
Gilbertson, R., Frye, R. F., & Nixon, S. J. (2010) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agq070 · Cited by 9
Paulus, D. J., Langdon, K. J., Wetter, D. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000361 · Cited by 8
“The Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale—Revised (MNWS-R; Hughes, 2007) is a 15-item self-report measure of tobacco withdrawal symptoms.”
MethodXue, Y., Zhou, H., Jiang, C., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., & Wang, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.604684 · Cited by 8
Dynamic models of stress-smoking responses based on high-frequency sensor data
Hojjatinia, S., Daly, E., Hnat, T. W., Hossain, S. M., Kumar, S., Lagoa, C. M., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Samiei, S. A., Spring, B. J., & Conroy, D. E. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00532-2 · Cited by 8
Recalled first reactions to inhaling nicotine predict the level of physical dependence
Wellman, R. J., DiFranza, J. R., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.021 · Cited by 8
Bidwell, L. C., Ameringer, K. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0035369 · Cited by 8
Bezza, K., Laadraoui, J., Gabbas, Z. E., Laaradia, M. A., Oufquir, S., Aboufatima, R., Gharrassi, I., & Chait, A. (2020) · Pharmacognosy Magazine · doi:10.4103/pm.pm_279_19 · Cited by 8
Blondé, J., Desrichard, O., Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M., Felder, M., Folly, L., & Riedo, G. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2041638 · Cited by 8
Jackson, C., Hayes, K. A., & Dickinson, D. M. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv214 · Cited by 7
Markou, A., Chiamulera, C., & West, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373861-5.00026-6 · Cited by 10
Effects of 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation on anxiety and mood in cigarette smokers
Attwood, A. S., Ataya, A. F., Bailey, J., Lightman, S. L., & Munafo, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114529378 · Cited by 8
“In contrast, acute withdrawal from smoking increases feelings of anxiety (Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundPsychological Factors and Long-Term Abstinence After Smoking Cessation Treatment
Boudrez, H. (2009) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1375/jsc.4.1.10 · Cited by 8
Walker, N. K., Howe, C., Bullen, C., Grigg, M., Glover, M., McRobbie, H. J., Laugesen, M., Hoorn, S. V., & Whittaker, R. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-37 · Cited by 8
“Additional withdrawal questions will also be asked related to the frequency of disturbed sleep, anxiety, mouth ulcers, cough, impatience, dizziness and increased dreaming [8].”
BackgroundBrook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Brook, D. W., & Finch, S. J. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/15.13.pr0.113x26z6 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, symptoms of withdrawal, such as sleep disturbances, difficulties in concentrating, irritation, depression, restlessness, and anxiety, were frequently reported by smokers trying to quit (Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundTobacco withdrawal among opioid-dependent smokers.
Streck, J. M., Heil, S. H., Higgins, S. T., et al. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000185 · Cited by 8
“Change in withdrawal during the first 24 hours of abstinence was examined by comparing the difference in mean scores from the precessation visit to the first day of abstinence (Hughes, 2007a).”
InfluentialChange in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis
Jain, A. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/sbmj.g2255 · Cited by 8
Jähne, A., Cohrs, S., Rodenbeck, A., Andreas, S., Loessl, B., Feige, B., KLOEPFER, C., Hornyak, M., & Riemann, D. W. (2010) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2926-7 · Cited by 8
Teo, E. W., Lee, Y. Y., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0238-0 · Cited by 8
“Previous literature has identified several smoking abstinence withdrawal symptoms which include craving, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, drowsiness and impatience [21,23].”
Interventions for smoking cessation in people diagnosed with lung cancer
Zeng, L., Yu, X., Yu, T., Jianhong, X., & Huang, Y. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011751 · Cited by 8
Ganavadiya, R., Chandrashekar, B., Singh, P., Gupta, R., Rana, P., & Jain, S. (2018) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_77_14 · Cited by 7
“These symptoms can make the smoker start smoking again to boost blood levels of nicotine until the symptoms go away.[22] The same holds true for alcohol addiction as well.”
BackgroundHuang, B. Y., Chen, Z., Huang, F., Gao, F., Chen, J., Liu, P., Lu, Z., Chen, W., & Wu, J. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110901 · Cited by 7
Sawyer, K., Stein, K. F., Jacobsen, P. C., Freeman, T. P., Blackwell, A. K. M., Metcalfe, C. D., Kessler, D. S., Munafo, M. R., Aveyard, P. N., & Taylor, G. M. J. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13580 · Cited by 6
“36,37 This study found that an important factor for smoking cessation intervention uptake is having smoking cessation treatment available and offered in primary care services.”
BackgroundTonkin, S., Williams, T. F., Simms, L. J., Tiffany, S. T., Mahoney, M. C., Schnoll, R. A., Cinciripini, P. M., & Hawk, L. W. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty262 · Cited by 9
An ecological momentary assessment study of outcome expectancies and smoking lapse in daily life
Potter, L. N., Schlechter, C. R., Shono, Y., Lam, C. Y., Cinciripini, P. M., & Wetter, D. W. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109587 · Cited by 7
Jhanjee, S., Jain, R., Jain, V., Gupta, T., Mittal, S., Goelz, P. M., & Schnoll, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1075092 · Cited by 7
“Nicotine withdrawal leads to cravings and a continued desire to smoke (West et al. 2006; Hughes 2007), and a strong relation between severity of withdrawal symptoms and relapse has been shown in some studies (McCarthy et al.”
ResultThe Neurocognitive Effects of Hypericum perforatum Special Extract (Ze 117) during Smoking Cessation
Camfield, D., Scholey, A. B., Pipingas, A., Silberstein, R. B., Kure, C., Zangara, A., Kras, M., & Stough, C. K. K. (2012) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.4909 · Cited by 8
“…et al., 2006; Myers et al., 2008), with withdrawal-related cognitive symptoms often reported during the first 4weeks following a quit attempt (Hughes, 2007). ondence to: Dr David A Camfield, Centre for Human Psychoogy, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H24, PO Box orn, Victoria, 3122,…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatterson, F., Grandner, M. A., Malone, S. K., Pohlig, R. T., Ashare, R. L., & Edwards, D. G. (2020) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2020.8 · Cited by 8
The relationship between self-efficacy and nicotine withdrawal severity among adult smokers
Morrell, H. E. R., Skarbek, E. A., & Cohen, L. M. (2011) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.562995 · Cited by 7
“For example, it is possible that withdrawal severity may not be influenced by smokers’ quittingrelated self-efficacy during the first 24 h of abstinence, because this is when symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are escalating as the withdrawal syndrome begins (Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWilkinson, A. V., Swann, A. C., Graham, D. P., Patriquin, M. A., Salas, R., Nielsen, D. A., & Kosten, T. R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.114 · Cited by 7
Sleep and Substance-Use Disorder
Basu, A., Anand, N., & Das, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_21 · Cited by 7
Braida, D., Ponzoni, L., Dellarole, I. L., Morara, S., & Sala, M. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231191103 · Cited by 7
“In particular, anxiety and anhedonia are affective features of nicotine withdrawal which are believed to contribute to continuous tobacco use (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Cook et al., 2015; Dawkins et al., 2007; Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundDynamic Effects of Ventral Hippocampal NRG3/ERBB4 Signaling on Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Responses
Fisher, M. L., Prantzalos, E. R., O’Donovan, B., Anderson, T. L., Sahoo, P. K., Twiss, J. L., Ortinski, P. I., & Turner, J. R. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109846 · Cited by 6
Hou, L., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Chen, C., Gao, X., Chen, L., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, H. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s452795 · Cited by 7
“12 Especially, nicotine withdrawal may trigger depressive symptoms or even catalyze the onset of a major depressive episode.”
BackgroundKnott, V., Bisserbe, J. C., Shah, D. K., Thompson, A. L., Bowers, H., Blais, C. M., & Ilivitsky, V. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.008 · Cited by 6
Quitting smoking is associated with long term improvements in mood
Prochaska, J. J. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1562 · Cited by 6
Chronic nicotine impairs sparse motor learning via striatal fast‐spiking parvalbumin interneurons
Kim, B. S., & Im, H. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12956 · Cited by 8
Kaye, J. T., Baker, T. B., Beckham, J. C., & Cook, J. W. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa242 · Cited by 7
Duncan, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139025515 · Cited by 8
Aquino, J. P. D., MacLean, R. R., Gueorguieva, R. V., DeVito, E. E., Eid, T., & Sofuoglu, M. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13161 · Cited by 6
“Among abstinent smokers, difficulty concentrating and easy distractibility are commonly and consistently reported.(44) Nicotine is also”
BackgroundAge‐specific impacts of nicotine and withdrawal on hippocampal neuregulin signalling
Keady, J. V., Fisher, M. L., Anderson, E., LeMalefant, R., & Turner, J. R. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15780 · Cited by 5
“(Hughes, 2007) Additionally, nicotine use disorder has a high rate of co-morbidity with many affect disorders, such as 60%–90% of people suffering from schizophrenia also smoke.”
BackgroundSmoking and spirometric values in third year medical students, cross-sectional study
Fernández, V. H., Beligoy, M. E., Lima, Y. V., et al. (2015) · Medwave · doi:10.5867/medwave.2015.03.6124 · Cited by 6
Premenstrual symptoms and factors implicated in smoking cessation among woman smokers.
Pang, R. D., Andrabi, N., & Leventhal, A. M. (2017) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000132 · Cited by 6
Addicott, M. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00009-5 · Cited by 6
Translational Research in Nicotine AddictionPreprint
Fisher, M. L., Pauly, J. R., Froeliger, B., & Turner, J. R. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039776 · Cited by 7
Chugh, A., Jain, N., & Arora, M. (2022) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85357-0_9 · Cited by 7
Berveiller, P., Rault, E., & Guerby, P. (2020) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2020.03.023 · Cited by 5
Cue-based treatment for light smokers: A proof of concept pilot
Pollak, K. I., Oliver, J. A., Pieper, C. F., Davis, J. M., Gao, X., Noonan, D., Kennedy, D. L., Granados, I., & Fish, L. J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106717 · Cited by 5
“Both heavy and light smokers smoke in response to cues; however, light smokers typically do not experience significant symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (Hughes, 2007).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 315-327
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054388960
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 177
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA000490)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- smoking abstinence, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, anger, anxiety, depression, insomnia, restlessness, constipation, cough, dizziness, oral ulcers
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Psychomotor Agitation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
