The limits and challenges of antiobesity pharmacotherapy
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Pharmacotherapy is a useful adjunct when patients with obesity are unable to achieve adequate benefit from lifestyle interventions. AREAS COVERED: This review covers the history of antiobesity drugs, efficacy, and risks of currently approved drugs, limits of their usefulness in clinical practice, gaps in knowledge, methodological limitations of clinical trials, and reasons for underutilization. EXPERT OPINION: In randomized controlled trials, currently approved antiobesity drugs have yielded an average weight loss ranging from approximately 3% to 9% relative to placebo at 1 year. Inadequate inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities and men, and high dropout rates in clinical trials limit generalizability of these findings to clinical practice. Weight loss achieved with antiobesity drugs is generally associated with lowered glycemia, but improvements in blood pressure and lipid measures tend to be marginal. There is limited evidence for sustained weight loss beyond 1 year and for safety and efficacy of antiobesity drugs in children and adolescents, and in post-bariatric surgery patients. None have demonstrated reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events or other significant disease outcomes. Limited health insurance coverage and negative perceptions of physicians have hindered the utilization of antiobesity drugs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In surveys, physicians and advance practice providers describe major barriers to prescribing antiobesity medications, including high costs, lack of insurance coverage, side effects, medication interactions, insufficient knowledge, lack of time for weight loss counseling, and a perceived lack of efficacy.
“In surveys, physicians and advance practice providers describe several major barriers to prescribing antiobesity medications, including high costs and lack of insurance coverage, side effects, medication interactions, insufficient knowledge, lack of time for weight loss counseling, and a perceived lack of efficacy.”
From Effectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
The Underutilization section reports that physicians and health care providers cite concerns about safety and effectiveness, knowledge gaps, limited experience, inadequate insurance coverage, and high costs as reasons for not prescribing antiobesity drugs. It does not identify medication interactions or lack of counseling time as prescribing barriers, nor does it specifically report these findings for advanced practice providers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality
Banegas, J. R., Ruilope, L. M., de la Sierra, A., Vinyoles, E., Gorostidi, M., de la Cruz, J. J., Ruiz-Hurtado, G., Segura, J., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., & Williams, B. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1712231 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
RetractedHealth effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years
Collaborators, T. G. 2. O. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1614362 · Cited by 7,918 · see citing works
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F. E., Nauck, M. A., Nissen, S. E., Pocock, S., Poulter, N. R., Ravn, L. S., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1603827 · Cited by 7,629 · cited 1× · see citing works
“8 mg has been shown to reduce MACE, but that was in patients with T2D and high CVD risk [40].”
BackgroundLifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery
Sjöström, L., Lindroos, A.-K., Peltonen, M., Torgerson, J., Bouchard, C., Carlsson, B., Dahlgren, S., Larsson, B., Narbro, K., Sjöström, C. D., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035622 · Cited by 4,457 · see citing works
Armstrong, M. J., Gaunt, P., Aithal, G. P., Barton, D., Hull, D., Parker, R., Hazlehurst, J. M., Guo, K., Abouda, G., Aldersley, M. A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00803-x · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Fuller, N. R., Colagiuri, S., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Olson, A. D., Shrestha, R. N., Holzapfel, C., Wolfenstetter, S. B., Holle, R., Ahern, A. L., Hauner, H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.139 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
XENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) Study
Torgerson, J. S., Hauptman, J., Boldrin, M. N., & Sjöström, L. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.155 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Gadde, K. M., Allison, D. B., Ryan, D. H., Peterson, C. A., Troupin, B., Schwiers, M. L., & Day, W. W. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60205-5 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenway, F. L., Fujioka, K., Plodkowski, R. A., Mudaliar, S., Guttadauria, M., Erickson, J., Kim, D. D., & Dunayevich, E. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60888-4 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Effect of Sibutramine on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Subjects
James, W. P. T., Caterson, I. D., Coutinho, W., Finer, N., Van Gaal, L. F., Maggioni, A. P., Torp-Pedersen, C., Sharma, A. M., Shepherd, G. M., Rode, R. A., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1003114 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management.
Smith, S. R., Weissman, N. J., Anderson, C. M., Sanchez, M., Chuang, E., Stubbe, S., Bays, H., & Shanahan, W. R. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909809 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Khera, R., Murad, M. H., Chandar, A. K., Dulai, P. S., Wang, Z., Prokop, L. J., Loomba, R., Camilleri, M., & Singh, S. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7602 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
le Roux, C. W., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Lau, D. C. W., Van Gaal, L., Ortiz, R. V., Wilding, J. P. H., Skjøth, T. V., Manning, L. S., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30069-7 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Dombrowski, S. U., Knittle, K., Avenell, A., Araujo-Soares, V., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g2646 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
The science of obesity management: an endocrine society scientific statement
Bray, G. A., Heisel, W. E., Afshin, A., Jensen, M. D., Dietz, W. H., Long, M., Kushner, R. F., Daniels, S. R., Wadden, T. A., Tsai, A. G., et al. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00253 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity
Kelly, A. S., Auerbach, P., Barrientos-Perez, M., Gies, I., Hale, P. M., Marcus, C., Mastrandrea, L. D., Prabhu, N., & Arslanian, S. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1916038 · Cited by 723 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a recently reported RCT among 251 adolescents [53], treatment with liraglutide 3.”
BackgroundAllison, D. B., Gadde, K. M., Garvey, W. T., Peterson, C. A., Schwiers, M. L., Najarian, T., Tam, P. Y., Troupin, B., & Day, W. W. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.330 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-citationSjöström, C. D., Lissner, L., Wedel, H., & Sjöström, L. (1999) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00436.x · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Gadde (2018) · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citationChanoine, J.-P., Hampl, S., Jensen, C., Boldrin, M., & Hauptman, J. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.23.2873 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Wadden, T. A., Foreyt, J. P., Foster, G. D., Hill, J. O., Klein, S., O'Neil, P. M., Perri, M. G., Pi‐Sunyer, F. X., Rock, C. L., Erickson, J. S., et al. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.147 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Binge eating disorder and obesity
de Zwaan, M. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801699 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Burch, R. C., Rizzoli, P. B., & Loder, E. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13281 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice
Wadden, T. A., Volger, S., Sarwer, D. B., Vetter, M. L., Tsai, A. G., Berkowitz, R. I., Kumanyika, S., Schmitz, K. H., Diewald, L. K., Barg, R., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1109220 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
LeBlanc, E. S., Patnode, C. D., Webber, E. M., Redmond, N., Rushkin, M., & O’Connor, E. A. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.7777 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Nonsurgical Factors That Influence the Outcome of Bariatric Surgery: A Review
Hsu, L. K. G., Benotti, P. N., Dwyer, J., Roberts, S. B., Saltzman, E., Shikora, S., Rolls, B. J., & Rand, W. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199805000-00021 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Rational Design of a Combination Medication for the Treatment of Obesity
Greenway, F. L., Whitehouse, M. J., Guttadauria, M., Anderson, J. W., Atkinson, R. L., Fujioka, K., Gadde, K. M., Gupta, A., O'Neil, P. M., Schumacher, D., et al. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.461 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationBupropion SR Enhances Weight Loss: A 48‐Week Double‐Blind, Placebo‐ Controlled Trial
Anderson, J. W., Greenway, F. L., Fujioka, K., Gadde, K. M., McKenney, J., & O'Neil, P. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.86 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationAronne, L. J., Wadden, T. A., Peterson, C., Winslow, D., Odeh, S., & Gadde, K. M. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20584 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationNissen, S. E., Wolski, K. E., Prcela, L., Wadden, T., Buse, J. B., Bakris, G., Perez, A., & Smith, S. R. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1558 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
A Population-Based Study of Appetite-Suppressant Drugs and the Risk of Cardiac-Valve Regurgitation
Jick, H., Vasilakis‐Scaramozza, C., Weinrauch, L. A., Meier, C. R., Jick, S. S., & Derby, L. E. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199809103391102 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Bupropion SR vs. Placebo for Weight Loss in Obese Patients with Depressive Symptoms
Jain, A. K., Kaplan, R. A., Gadde, K. M., Wadden, T. A., Allison, D. B., Brewer, E. R., Leadbetter, R. A., Richard, N., Haight, B., Jamerson, B. D., et al. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.142 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationStanford, F. C., Alfaris, N., Gómez, G., Ricks, E. T., Shukla, A. P., Corey, K. E., Pratt, J. S. A., Pomp, A., Rubino, F., & Aronne, L. J. (2016) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.018 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Body fat distribution and male/female differences in lipids and lipoproteins.
Freedman, D. S., Jacobsen, S. J., Barboriak, J. J., Sobocinski, K. A., Anderson, A. J., Kissebah, A. H., Sasse, E. A., & Gruchow, H. W. (1990) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1498 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Larsson, B., Bengtsson, C., Björntorp, P. A., Lapidus, L., Sjöström, L., Svärdsudd, K., Tlbblin, G., Wedel, H., Welin, L., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116280 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Saydah, S., Bullard, K. M., Cheng, Y. J., Ali, M. K., Gregg, E. W., Geiss, L. S., & Imperatore, G. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20761 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Pareek, M., Schauer, P. R., Kaplan, L. M., Leiter, L. A., Rubino, F., & Bhatt, D. L. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.014 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Comparison of Combined Bupropion and Naltrexone Therapy for Obesity with Monotherapy and Placebo
Greenway, F. L., Dunayevich, E., Tollefson, G., Erickson, J., Guttadauria, M., Fujioka, K., Cowley, M. A., & for the NB-201 Study Group (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1350 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Predictors of Complication and Suboptimal Weight Loss After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Perugini, R. A. (2003) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.138.5.541 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Melton, G. B., Steele, K. E., Schweitzer, M. A., Lidor, A. O., & Magnuson, T. H. (2008) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-007-0427-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Anorectics on Trial: A Half Century of Federal Regulation of Prescription Appetite Suppressants
Colman, E. G. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-5-200509060-00013 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gummesson, A., Nyman, E., Knutsson, M., & Karpefors, M. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12971 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Long-term weight control study: Conclusions
WEINTRAUB, M. I. (1992) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.76 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Elobeid, M. A., Padilla, M. A., McVie, T., Thomas, O., Brock, D. W., Musser, B., Lu, K., Coffey, C. S., Desmond, R. A., St-Onge, M.-P., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006624 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationWharton, S., Kuk, J. L., Luszczynski, M., Kamran, E., & Christensen, R. A. G. (2019) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12323 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Thomas, C. E., Mauer, E. A., Shukla, A. P., Rathi, S., & Aronne, L. J. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21533 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Project HELP: a Remotely Delivered Behavioral Intervention for Weight Regain after Bariatric Surgery
Bradley, L. E., Forman, E. M., Kerrigan, S. G., Goldstein, S. P., Butryn, M. L., Thomas, J. G., Herbert, J. D., & Sarwer, D. B. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2337-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in people with hypertension
Siebenhofer, A., Jeitler, K., Horvath, K., Berghold, A., Posch, N. A. S., Meschik, J., & Semlitsch, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007654.pub4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
National Trends in Antiobesity Medication Use
Stafford, R. S., & Radley, D. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.9.1046 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Lewis, K. H., Fischer, H., Ard, J., Barton, L., Bessesen, D. H., Daley, M. F., Desai, J., Fitzpatrick, S. L., Horberg, M., Koebnick, C., et al. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22430 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Food and Drug Administration's Obesity Drug Guidance Document: A Short History
Colman, E. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.028381 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Rye, P., Modi, R., Cawsey, S., & Sharma, A. M. (2018) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-018-3393-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Tratamento de curto prazo com liraglutide no reganho de peso após cirurgia bariátrica
Pajecki, D., Halpern, A., Cercato, C., Mancini, M., Cleva, R. D., & Santo, M. A. (2013) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/s0100-69912013000300005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Efficacy of adjuvant weight loss medication after bariatric surgery
Nor Hanipah, Z., Nasr, E. C., Bucak, E., Schauer, P. R., Aminian, A., Brethauer, S. A., & Cetin, D. (2018) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2017.10.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Xia, Y., Kelton, C. M. L., Guo, J. J., Bian, B., & Heaton, P. C. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21136 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Treatment of Adolescent Obesity in 2020
Cardel, M. I., Jastreboff, A. M., & Kelly, A. S. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.14725 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Schwartz, J., Suzo, A., Wehr, A. M., Foreman, K. S., Mikami, D. J., Needleman, B. J., & Noria, S. F. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1979-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Stop Regain: A Pilot Psychological Intervention for Bariatric Patients Experiencing Weight Regain
Himes, S. M., Grothe, K. B., Clark, M. M., Swain, J. M., Collazo–Clavell, M. L., & Sarr, M. G. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1611-0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Weight Loss Medications in the Treatment of Obesity and Hypertension
Cohen, J. B., & Gadde, K. M. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0915-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimizing long-term weight control after bariatric surgery: a pilot study
Kalarchian, M. A., Marcus, M. D., Courcoulas, A. P., Cheng, Y., Levine, M. D., & Josbeno, D. A. (2011) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2011.04.231 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Zonisamide for Weight Reduction in Obese Adults
Gadde, K. M., Kopping, M. F., Wagner, H. R., Yonish, G. M., Allison, D. B., & Bray, G. A. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.99 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonist, Rimonabant, for Management of Obesity and Related Risks
Gadde, K. M., & Allison, D. B. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.596130 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity Research—Limitations of Methods, Measurements, and Medications
Simons-Morton, D. G. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.7.826 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“High attrition introduces a serious bias and the results can be uninterpretable regardless of how sophisticated the imputation procedures are, when primary outcome data are missing for half of the study participants [78, 79].”
BackgroundPersistence of newer anti-obesity medications in a real-world setting
Ganguly, R., Tian, Y., Kong, S. X., Hersloev, M., Hobbs, T., Smolarz, B. G., Ramasamy, A., Haase, C. L., & Weng, W. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity
Kelly, A. S., Auerbach, P., Pérez, M. B., Gies, I., Pm, H., Marcus, C., Mastrandrea, L. D., & Prabhu, N. (2020) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.17.11.12 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bradley, L. E., Forman, E. M., Kerrigan, S. G., Butryn, M. L., Herbert, J. D., & Sarwer, D. B. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2125-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zilberstein, B., Pajecki, D., de Brito, A. C. G., Gallafrio, S. T., Eshkenazy, R., & Andrade, C. G. (2004) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/0960892041590926 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Simon, R., & Lahiri, S. W. (2018) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2017-0221 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Toth, A. T., Gomez, G., Shukla, A. P., Pratt, J. S., Cena, H., Biino, G., Aronne, L. J., & Stanford, F. C. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5090116 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Obesity
Gadde, K. M., Apolzan, J. W., & Berthoud, H. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.272815 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacotherapy of Obesity: Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice
Gadde, K. M., & Raj, Y. P. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0859-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSrivastava, G., & Buffington, C. K. (2018) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-018-3141-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Jester, L., Wittgrove, A. C., & Clark, G. W. (1996) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089296765556476 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Coughlin, J. W., Brantley, P. J., Champagne, C. M., Vollmer, W. M., Stevens, V. J., Funk, K., Dalcin, A. T., Jerome, G. J., Myers, V. H., Tyson, C., et al. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21454 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dedov, I. I., Melnichenko, G. A., Troshina, E. A., Mazurina, N. V., & Galieva, M. O. (2018) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000488880 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Combination therapy for obesity and metabolic disease
Gadde, K. M., & Allison, D. B. (2009) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283304f90 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCombination pharmaceutical therapies for obesity
Gadde, K. M., & Allison, D. B. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560902824152 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationStanford, F. C., Toth, A. T., Shukla, A. P., Pratt, J. S. A., Cena, H., Biino, G., & Aronne, L. J. (2018) · Bariatric Surgical Practice and Patient Care · doi:10.1089/bari.2018.0037 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sahebkar, A., Simental‐Mendía, L. E., Kovanen, P. T., Pedone, C., Simental-Mendía, M. A., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2017.12.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Current pharmacotherapy for obesity: extrapolation of clinical trials data to practice
Gadde, K. M. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.890590 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, D. D., Waring, M. E., Ameli, O., Reisman, J. I., & Vimalananda, V. G. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22503 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Relationship Between Perceptions of Obesity Causes and Weight Loss Expectations Among Adults
Daigle, K., Gang, C. H., Kopping, M. F., & Gadde, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.08.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge Gaps in Long‐Term Phentermine Use: Making the Case for Maintenance
Murali, S. B. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22516 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [43]Gadde KM, Yonish G, Foust M, A 24-week randomized controlled trial of VI-0521, a combination weight loss therapy, in obese adults. Obes Res 2006; 14: A17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases
Jin, X., Qiu, T., Li, L., Yu, R., Chen, X., Li, C., Proud, C. G., & Jiang, T. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects
Zhao, X., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Lu, Z., Cui, L., Fu, C., Xue, H., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Shaik Mohamed Sayed, U. F., Moshawih, S., Goh, H. P., Kifli, N., Gupta, G., Singh, S. K., Chellappan, D. K., Dua, K., Hermansyah, A., Ser, H. L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1182937 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Effectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity
Henderson Lewis, K., Sloan, C. E., Bessesen, D. H., & Arterburn, D. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072686 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Chrononutrition in Cardiometabolic Health
Katsi, V. K., Papakonstantinou, I. P., Σουλαϊδόπουλος, Σ., Katsiki, N., & Tsioufis, K. P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020296 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cornejo-Estrada, A., Nieto-Rodríguez, C., León‐Figueroa, D. A., Moreno-Ramos, E., Cabanillas-Ramirez, C., & Barboza, J. J. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10020208 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Beyond the Cold: Activating Brown Adipose Tissue as an Approach to Combat Obesity
Negroiu, C. E., Tudorașcu, I., Bezna, C. M., Godeanu, S., Diaconu, M., Dănoiu, R., & Dănoiu, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13071973 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kaplan, L. M., Gudzune, K. A., Ard, J. D., Kumar, R. B., Ahmad, N. N., Kan, H. J., Sims, T. J., Poon, J. L., King-Concialdi, K., Beusterien, K. M., et al. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24290 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatments and Natural Biocompounds in Weight Management
Gasmi, A., Mujawdiya, P. K., Nehaoua, A., Shanaida, M., Semenova, Y. M., Piscopo, S., Menzel, A., Voloshyn, V., Voloshyn, O., Shanaida, V., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16020212 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for obesity: recent evolution and implications for cardiovascular risk reduction
Maki, K. C., Kirkpatrick, C. F., Allison, D. B., & Gadde, K. M. (2023) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2023.2209176 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationZhong, B., Li, F., Zhao, J., Fu, Y., & Peng, C. Y. (2022) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.29219/fnr.v66.8745 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Okuka, N., Milinković, N., Veličković, K., Polovina, S. P., Šumarac-Dumanović, M., Minić, R., Korčok, D., Djordjevic, B. I., & Ivanović, N. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo01269k · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kolkailah, A. A., Riggs, K. A., Návar, A. M., & Khera, A. (2022) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-022-01033-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Zhang, Q., Wu, F., Yin, S., Xie, Y., & Liu, H. (2022) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2022.2117152 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Unveiling the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery: insights from a matched cohort study
Lloyd, S. J.-A., Wall-Wieler, E., Liu, Y., Zheng, F., & LaMasters, T. (2025) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2025.04.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Le Roux, C. W., Koroleva, A., Larsen, S., & Foot, E. (2025) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12704 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals with Excess Weight: Weight Trajectory Effects
Owora, A. H., Allison, D. B., Zhang, X., Gletsu-Miller, N. A., & Gadde, K. M. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-022-01486-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationla Rosa, A. D., Ghusn, W., Sacoto, D., Campos, A., Cifuentes, L., Feris, F., Busebee, B. T., Calderón, G., Acosta, A. J., & Hurtado, M. D. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100046 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fifer, S. J., Keen, B., & Porter, A. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s446106 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Choi, J., Le, D. D., Roh, N., Lee, J., Shrestha, D., Dinh, T., Truong, V., Bazarragchaa, B., Kim, S.-Y., Suh, S., et al. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020150 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of Weight Loss on Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatohepatitis and Hepatic Fibrosis
Takawy, M., & Abdelmalek, M. F. (2025) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-025-01579-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effective and appropriate use of weight loss medication in pediatric obesity: a narrative review
Chung, L. Y. (2024) · Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science · doi:10.12701/jyms.2024.00353 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Klingler, M. J., & Kroh, M. (2021) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2020.12.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Naproxen for Acute Pain
Weisman, S. R. (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0064 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kim, H.-N., Lee, Y.-A., & Song, S.-W. (2023) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2023.12.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tirzepatide: unveiling a new dawn in dual-targeted diabetes and obesity management
Rabbani, S. A., El‐Tanani, M., Matalka, I. I., Rangraze, I. R., Aljabali, A. A. A., Khan, M. A., & Tambuwala, M. M. (2024) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2024.2395540 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Managing the Burden of Dementia-Related Delusions and Hallucinations
Small (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pharmacological Management of Obesity: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Manu, P., Lăcătușu, C.-M., Rogozea, L. M., & Cernea, S. (2022) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001524 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Obesity and Natural Products: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions
Marie, O., & Abu-Elsaoud, A. M. (2026) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71575 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
de Assis, L. V., Morais, A. C. S., Meireles, I. S., da Costa, L. F., Guerra, M. L. A., Novaes, M. V. G., Gomes, T. C. A., Modenesi, V., Dias, Y. H. F., & Rêgo, R. C. L. (2021) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e6830.2021 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Role of Chrononutrition in Global Wellness
Fatima, G. (2025) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2025.0016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vambe, S., Zulu, W., Hough, E., Luvhimbi, M., Rwizi, S., & Bronkhorst, E. M. (2024) · SA pharmaceutical journal. · doi:10.36303/sapj.1143 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Treatments for obesity in the context of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and mental health
Sharma, A., Albhaisi, S. A. M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2022) · Clinical Liver Disease · doi:10.1002/cld.1219 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weir (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0068 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Recognition and Management of Hypoglycemia
Shubrook (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0069 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Medical Management of Obesity as it Affects Reflux
Haddad, J. D., & Shah, S. L. (2021) · Foregut The Journal of the American Foregut Society · doi:10.1177/26345161211069183 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
GLP-1 medications versus surgery and balloon: evaluating cost-benefit in weight loss
Salazar, C. I. V., Lopez, S. Z. K., Rios, C. R., & Coutiño, L. F. G. (2025) · International Surgery Journal · doi:10.18203/2349-2902.isj20251200 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stević, I., Vajagić, M., Knežević, B., Raičević, B., Јаnkovic, S., Krajnović, D., Georgiev, A. M., Lakić, D., & Odalović, M. (2024) · Arhiv za farmaciju · doi:10.5937/arhfarm74-50851 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Patient’s Journey in Obesity within the United States: An Exercise of Resilience against Disease
Northam, K. A., Hinds, M., Bodepudi, S., & Stanford, F. C. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14091073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bhattacharjee, K., Nath, M., Sharan, R. N., & Choudhury, Y. (2025) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tsenteradze, T., Pontecorvo, A. A., & Elli, E. F. (2026) · Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques · doi:10.1177/10926429261427258 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, S. S., Lee, S. H., Kim, S. Y., Na, D. S., Kim, J. B., Na, C.-S., & Yoo, Y. C. (2026) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2026.124337 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bouhmouch, S., Dubern, B., Terraz, C., & Tounian, P. (2026) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2026.105545 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wilcox, C. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Aspects of Obesity
Bentsa, T. М. (2023) · Family medicine European practices · doi:10.30841/2786-720x.3.2023.289357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schon, S. B., Spizman, J., Stelmak, D., Chames, M. C., Pilarz, S., Abdur-Rahman, J., Jiang, C., Othman, A., & Menke, M. (2025) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-025-01415-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Addressing Nutritional Gaps: Simple Steps for the Primary Care Provider
Quan, Q. (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Individualized, Case-Based Approach to the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Lacy (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Applications of the Food Addiction Concept
Wilcox, C. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Treatment-Related Evidence that Food Addiction Is a Valid Construct
Wilcox, C. E., & Farrar, D. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hot Topics in Primary Care 2020 Introduction
Brunton (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0058
Review of LDL-C Lowering with Focus on New and Emerging Agents
Brinton (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0070
Stemming the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Role of the Primary Care Clinician
Bakris (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0072
A New Era in Asthma Management: Assessment of Asthma Control
Murphy, M. (2020) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0061
Problems with Current Approaches to Treating Disorders of Overeating
Wilcox, C. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_4
Binge-Related Eating Disorders (Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa)
Wilcox, C. E., & Bedford, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_3
Carvalho, S. D. L., de Assumpção, D., Neto, D. H., Filho, A. D. A. B., São‐João, T. M., & Cornélio, M. E. (2023) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-9865202336e220176
A eficácia da liraglutida no tratamento da obesidade - uma revisão integrativa
Fonseca, I. F., Borges, G. D., Gonçalves, G. C., Moreira, F. P., & de Siqueira, E. C. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n6-057
Medical treatment of pediatric obesity
Chung, L. Y. (2024) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2024.67.5.324
Pharmacotherapy for Obesity: Recent Evolution and Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Maki, K. C., Kirkpatrick, C. F., Allison, D. B., & Gadde, K. M. (2024) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54960-1_13
Self-citationAJALA, O. S., OKECHUKWU, P. U., INNOCENT-UGWU, D. O., & DADA, O. H. (2024) · Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/njpr.v20i1.7
A review of anti-obesity medications and anaesthesia
Gordon, K., Horsten, G., & botha, C. (2025) · Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.36303/sajaa.3208
Sundell, I., Wettermark, B., Sundström, A., Martinell, M., Ericsson, B., Lindahl, U., Rubaiy, H. N., & Ekbäck, M. (2026) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03488-y
Combination Pharmacotherapies for Obesity—Current Evidence and Future Directions
Kamrul-Hasan, A. B. M., Kalra, A., Kapoor, N., Dutta, D., Mahajan, K., Maskey, R., & Raza, S. A. (2026) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70307
Shicora, M. C., Ruthes, D. M. J., Henneberg, J. R., & Valério, M. C. J. (2026) · Revista de Geopolítica · doi:10.56238/revgeov17n10-026
- Authors
- Gadde, K. M., & Atkins, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gadde, Kishore M
- ORCID
- Gadde, Kishore M
- Venue
- Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-04-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1319-1328
- ISSN
- 1465-6566 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-7666
- PMC
- PMC7523877
- OpenAlex
- W3015229931
- Semantic Scholar
- 51785000991c76f45c72f5c730f052237c9b1b16
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U01DK048377)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- anti-obesity drugs, obesity pharmacotherapy, weight loss efficacy, drug safety, generalizability of trial results, racial and ethnic minorities, trial dropout, glycemic control, children and adolescents, cardiovascular outcomes, health insurance coverage, physician perceptions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure, Child, Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Combinations, Drug Utilization, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome, Anti-Obesity Agents, Bariatric Surgery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
