Future prospects in the tissue engineering of heart valves: a focus on the role of stem cells
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Heart valve disease is a growing burden on the healthcare system. Current solutions are insufficient for young patients and do not offer relief from reintervention. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) offer a solution that grows and responds to the native environment in a similar way to a healthy valve. Stem cells hold potential to populate these valves as a malleable source that can adapt to environmental cues. AREAS COVERED: This review covers current methods of recapitulating features of native heart valves with tissue engineering through use of stem cell populations with in situ and in vitro methods. EXPERT OPINION: In the field of TEHVs, we see a variety of approaches in cell source, biomaterial, and maturation methods. Choosing appropriate cell populations may be very patient specific; consistency and predictability will be key to long-term success. In situ methods are closer to translation but struggle with consistent cellularization. In vitro culture requires specialized methods but may recapitulate native valve cell populations with higher fidelity. Understanding how cell populations react to valve conditions and immune response is vital for success. Detrimental valve pathologies have proven to be difficult to avoid in early translation attempts.
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Matrix materials for heart valve design demand superior and anisotropic mechanical properties, presenting significant challenge for PLCL alone.
“the matrix materials used for heart valve design demand superior and anisotropic mechanical properties, presenting a significant challenge for PLCL alone [168, 169].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [169]
The paper’s “Anatomy and function of heart valves” section says valve leaflets have anisotropic behavior that is important to their function. “Recapitulating VIC/VEC function in TEHVs” says engineered valves need to closely match healthy-valve mechanics. Neither passage establishes that PLCL alone cannot meet those requirements, so the PLCL-specific challenge is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHeart valves must continuously open and close while enduring constant hemodynamic stresses, and direction of valve movement and pressure distribution vary with anatomical location.
“Heart valves must continuously open and close while enduring constant hemodynamic stresses. Moreover, the direction of valve movement and the pressure distribution vary with their anatomical location.”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [169]
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Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering
Zhao, Y., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-026-07016-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“7 Triple-layer structure of PLCL vascular graft [154] signi fi cant challenge for PLCL alone [168, 169].”
- Authors
- Albert, B. J., & Butcher, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Butcher, Jonathan T
- Venue
- Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-05-16
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 553-564
- ISSN
- 1471-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-7682
- PMC
- PMC10461076
- OpenAlex
- W4376225328
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DGE-1650441)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 HL151190)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Keywords
- tissue-engineered heart valves, stem cells, valvular heart disease, biomaterials, immune response, translational research
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Heart Valves, Humans, Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering
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