Cited by 184Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementBirth, Development, and HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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Gestational diabetes: The forerunner for the development of maternal and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome?

Vohr, Betty R., Boney, Charlotte M.·2008·The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

DOI 10.1080/14767050801929430

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and in offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A review of studies examining the development of obesity, hypertension, metabolic abnormalities, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes in mothers with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and control mothers, and offspring of mothers with a history of gestational diabetes and control mothers. RESULTS: Longitudinal studies demonstrate that women with a prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity are at significantly greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome than mothers with no history of gestational diabetes or obesity. The development of metabolic syndrome in children with increasing age is related to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal glycemia in the 3rd trimester, maternal obesity, neonatal macrosomia, and childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The current prevalence of obesity in both adults and children and associated disorders of blood pressure and lipid metabolism, suggest a perpetuating cycle of increasing obesity, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid metabolism, which has ominous consequences for future generations.

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Background
Disproportionate Body Composition and Neonatal Outcome in Offspring of Mothers With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Persson, M., Fadl, H., Hanson, U., & Pasupathy, D. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0899 · Cited by 37
“However, the risk may be even further increased in infants born with fetal macrosomia (24,25).”
Background
Microbiome and Gestational Diabetes: Interactions with Pregnancy Outcome and Long-Term Infant Health
Neri, C., Serafino, E., Morlando, M., & Familiari, A. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2021/9994734 · Cited by 37
“Both women with GDM and their infants are also at increased risk of diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction later in life [66, 67], and this risk can be connected to the favorable outcome of subsequent pregnancies.”
Background
An elevated blood glucose level and increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis
Kaňková, Š., Jaroslav Flegr, A., & Calda, P. (2015) · Folia Parasitologica · doi:10.14411/fp.2015.056 · Cited by 33
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that is diagnosed during pregnancy and increases the risk of pregnancy and fetal complications (Johns et al. 2006, Vohr and Boney 2008, Vambergue et al. 2008).”
Background
Antepartum A1C, maternal diabetes outcomes, and selected offspring outcomes: an epidemiological review
Katon, J. G., Williams, M. A., Reiber, G. E., & Miller, E. (2011) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01195.x · Cited by 31
Absence of a gestational diabetes phenotype in the LepRdb/+ mouse is independent of control strain, diet, misty allele, or parity
Plows, J. F., Yu, X., Broadhurst, R. B., Vickers, M. H., Tong, C., Zhang, H., Qi, H., Stanley, J. L., & Baker, P. N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45130 · Cited by 33
The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on human milk macronutrients content
Shapira, D., Mandel, D., Mimouni, F. B., Moran‐Lev, H., Marom, R., Mangel, L., & Lubetzky, R. (2019) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0362-5 · Cited by 30
Pregnancy-Related Diseases and Delivery Mode can Affect the Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Preliminary Study
Wang, X., Liu, J., Li, C., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Lu, Y., Zhang, T., Cao, H., Huang, L., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00147 · Cited by 31
Can serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels be useful at diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus?
Alanbay, İ., Çoksüer, H., Ercan, C. M., Keskin, U., Karaşahin, E., Öztürk, M., Tapan, S., Öztürk, Ö., Kurt, İ., & Ergün, A. (2012) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2011.588756 · Cited by 29
“Women with a prior history of GDM and obesity had a significantly greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) than mothers with no history of gestational diabetes or obesity [8].”
Background
Differential expression of circulating miRNAs in maternal plasma in pregnancies with fetal macrosomia
Ge, Q., Zhu, Y., Li, H., Tian, F., Xie, X., & Bai, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2014.1989 · Cited by 29
“It is also associated with problems at birth and has life-long health implications for the infant, including an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adulthood (10-12).”
Background
Differences in Breastfeeding Initiation by Maternal Diabetes Status and Race, Ohio 2006–2011
Kachoria, R., & Oza‐Frank, R. B. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1472-5 · Cited by 28
“In the longer term, children of women with GDM are at a higher risk for obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life [20, 21], and previous research indicates these risks may be lowered by breastfeeding [22–24].”
Background
Programming of adult cardiovascular disease following exposure to late-gestation hyperglycemia
Agoudemos, M., Reinking, B. E., Koppenhafer, S. L., Segar, J. L., & Scholz, T. D. (2011) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000324863 · Cited by 27
Early-life exposures and long-term health: adverse gestational environments and the programming of offspring renal and vascular disease
Oulerich, Z., & Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00383.2023 · Cited by 26
“…and overnutrition, maternal diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) increases the risk of fetal growth problems and programs an elevated susceptibility of the child to develop metabolic syndrome (93), abnormal glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes (94) during childhood or adolescence.”
Assessing the consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring’s cardiovascular health: MySweetHeart Cohort study protocol, Switzerland
Bernardo, S. D., Mivelaz, Y., Epure, A. M., Vial, Y., Siméoni, U., Bovet, P., Younes, S. E., Chioléro, A., & Sekarski, N. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016972 · Cited by 27
The Role of Irisin throughout Women’s Life Span
Barbagallo, F., Cannarella, R., Garofalo, V., Marino, M., Vignera, S. L., Condorelli, R. A., Tiranini, L., Nappi, R. E., & Calogero, A. E. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123260 · Cited by 25
“However, in a signiﬁcant percentage of pregnancies, the IR state is exacerbated, resulting in adverse maternal metabolic conditions and abnormal fetal growth [80].”
Background
Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Piña, I. L. (2011) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e318209c233 · Cited by 23
Preconception metabolic indicators predict gestational diabetes and offspring birthweight
Harville, E. W., Juonala, M., Viikari, J. S. A., & Raitakari, O. T. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2014.937336 · Cited by 23
“diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease in the offspring, thus perpetuating a cycle of poor health [3,4].”
Background
Gestational diabetic transcriptomic profiling of microdissected human trophoblast
Bari, M. F., Ngo, S., Bastie, C. C., Sheppard, A. M., & Vatish, M. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0424 · Cited by 22
“…Ltd. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-15-0424 Jo u rn al o f En d o cr in o lo g y http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org © 2016 Society for Endocrinology without a history of GDM or obesity (Catalano et al. 2012; Vohr & Boney 2008) as well increased GDM recurrence in subsequent pregnancies (Bottalico 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Role of Irisin, Insulin and Leptin in Maternal and Fetal Interaction
Ökdemir, D., Hatipoğlu, N., Kurtoğlu, S., Şıraz, Ü. G., Akar, H. H., Muhtaroğlu, S., & Kütük, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.0096 · Cited by 22
“Further increases to the normal gestational insulin resistance may cause abnormal fetal growth, fetal macrosomia, and intrauterine growth retardation (30,31).”
Background
Fetal exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment resulted in a failure of cord blood endothelial progenitor cell adaptation against chronic hypoxia
Dinçer, Ü. D. (2014) · Stem Cells and Cloning Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/sccaa.s73658 · Cited by 21
“Development of metabolic syndrome in children with increasing age is correlated with maternal GDM and maternal obesity.(1,2) Control normoxic 0 0.”
Developmental origins of ovarian disorder: impact of maternal lean gestational diabetes on the offspring ovarian proteome in mice†
Clark, K. L., Talton, O. O., Ganesan, S., Schulz, L. C., & Keating, A. F. (2019) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz116 · Cited by 21
“In addition to risk of stillbirth, babies born to mothers who experience diabetes during pregnancy have higher rates of macrosomia [35], hypoglycemia [36], respiratory distress [36], future obesity [37], and like the mother, a predisposition for type 2 diabetes later in life [38].”
Background
Effect of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus History on Future Pregnancy Behaviors: The Mutaba’ah Study
Ali, N., Aldhaheri, A., Alneyadi, H. H., AlAzeezi, M., Dhaheri, S. S. A., Loney, T., & Ahmed, L. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010058 · Cited by 20
The Association of Restless Legs Syndrome to History of Gestational Diabetes in an Appalachian Primary Care Population
Innes, K. E., Kandati, S., Flack, K. L., Agarwal, P., & Selfe, T. K. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5084 · Cited by 20
“18 GDM has likewise been shown to be a strong predictor of the metabolic syndrome, 17,19–21 with risk estimates ranging from threefold 19 to more than fivefold.”
Influential
Gestational Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed During Pregnancy
Baliutavičienė, D. K., Buinauskienė, J., Petrenko, V., Danytė, E., & Žalinkevičius, R. (2012) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2011.0067 · Cited by 19
“23 We suggest that metabolic syndrome can be diagnosed not only after pregnancy but also during pregnancy.”
Physical activity and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus amongst pregnant women living in Soweto: a study protocol
Khan, T., Macaulay, S., Norris, S. A., Micklesfield, L. K., & Watson, E. D. (2016) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0345-z · Cited by 18
“Vohr BR, Boney CM. Gestational diabetes: the forerunner for the development of maternal and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome?”
Background
Serum irisin levels as a potential marker for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Al-Ghazali, M. J., Ali, H. A., & Al-Rufaie, M. M. (2020) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v91i1.7675 · Cited by 19
“However, in a substantial proportion of pregnancies, the insulinresistant condition is greatly increased, resulting to adverse maternal metabolic state and fetal growth abnormalities (33-34).”
Background
Gestational diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in the offspring: Results from a cross‐sectional study
Beyerlein, A., Nehring, I., Rosario, A. S., & von Kries, R. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03454.x · Cited by 19
Utilising infant growth to predict obesity status at 5 years
Gittner, L. S., Ludington‐Hoe, S. M., & Haller, H. S. (2013) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12283 · Cited by 18
Barriers to, and Facilitators of, Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Gestational Diabetes: An Interpretive Description of South Asian Women and Health-Care Providers Living and Working in Southern Ontario, Canada
Kandasamy, S., Nguyen, L., Desai, D., Anand, S. S., Sherifali, D., & de Souza, R. J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.07.001 · Cited by 24
Can a Simple Dietary Screening in Early Pregnancy Identify Dietary Habits Associated with Gestational Diabetes?
Hrólfsdóttir, L., Gunnarsdóttir, I., Birgisdóttir, B. E., Hreidarsdottir, I. T., Smárason, A. K., Harðardóttir, H., & Halldorsson, T. I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081868 · Cited by 18
“Longitudinal studies also suggest that offspring of mothers diagnosed with GDM are more prone to metabolic abnormalities later in life [5].”
Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Brown, J., Alwan, N. A., West, J., Brown, S. C., McKinlay, C. J. D., Farrar, D., & Crowther, C. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011970 · Cited by 16
Personalized prediction of gestational Diabetes using a clinical decision support system
Douali, N., Dollon, J., & Jaulent, M. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) · doi:10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2015.7337813 · Cited by 15
Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Prenatal Fasting Glucose Are Effective Predictors of Early Postpartum Metabolic Syndrome in Spanish Mothers with Gestational Diabetes
Barquiel, B., Herranz, L., Hillman, N., Burgos, M. Á., & Pallardo, L. F. (2014) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2013.0153 · Cited by 15
“The fact that metabolic syndrome prevalence is enhanced after GDMis not a novelty.(1,3,4,17) This study addressed one step further, i.”
Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Brown, J., Martis, R., Hughes, B., Rowan, J., & Crowther, C. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011967 · Cited by 15
Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Tieu, J., Bain, E., Middleton, P., & Crowther, C. A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010211.pub2 · Cited by 15
Gestational diabetes among women of migrant origin in Finland—a population-based study
Bastola, K., Koponen, P., Skogberg, N., Gissler, M., & Kinnunen, T. I. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab078 · Cited by 14
Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Obesity on Cord Blood Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis
Özler, S., Öztaş, E., Erel, Ö., Güler, B. G., Ergin, M., Uygur, D., & Danışman, N. (2016) · Fetal and Pediatric Pathology · doi:10.1080/15513815.2016.1223237 · Cited by 14
“Possible triggering factors of obesity in prenatal period are maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, as they are the most interrelated factors with fetal growth and adiposity [2,3].”
Background
Evaluation of 2-year outcomes in infants born to mothers with and without NAFLD in pregnancy
Gross, A. S., Lange, M., Rosenbluth, E., Carroll, C., SPERLING, R. S., Juliano, C. E., Sigel, K. M., Friedman, S. L., Argiriadi, P. A., Chu, J., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-023-05044-7 · Cited by 18
“1 3 syndrome and liver adiposity in children [9, 10], further investigation should focus on whether maternal NAFLD is an important risk factor for offspring to subsequently develop pediatric NAFLD.”
Background
Significance of RBP4 in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study of Han Chinese women
Liang, Z., Du, M., Qin, F., & Danqing, C. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2013.871515 · Cited by 14
“6% of pregnancies [7], and affected women with poorly controlled sugar levels during pregnancy are more likely to develop type II diabetes in later life [8].”
Background
Gestational microbiome: metabolic perturbations and developmental programming
Han, S., Ellberg, C. C., Olomu, I. N., & Vyas, A. K. (2021) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-21-0241 · Cited by 12

Authors: Vohr, B. R., & Boney, C. M.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: Vohr, Betty R.
ORCID: Vohr, Betty R.
Boney, Charlotte M.
Venue: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-01
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-157
ISSN: 1476-4954 (ISSN-L)
1476-7058
DOI: 10.1080/14767050801929430
OpenAlex: W2067953340
Cited by: 184
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 18.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal obesity, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, insulin resistance, neonatal macrosomia, maternal glycemia, offspring, intergenerational risk
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Odds Ratio, Diabetes, Gestational, Metabolic Syndrome

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Gestational diabetes: The forerunner for the development of maternal and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome?

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