Windows of Opportunity for Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked with several acute maternal health risks and long-term development of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Intrauterine exposure to GDM similarly increases offspring risk of early-life health complications and later disease. GDM recurrence is common, affecting 40 to 73% of women, and augments associated maternal/fetal/child health risks. Modifiable and independent risk factors for GDM include maternal excessive gestational weight gain and prepregnancy overweight and obesity. Lifestyle interventions that target diet, activity, and behavioral strategies can effectively modify body weight. Randomized clinical trials testing the effects of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy to reduce excessive gestational weight gain have generally shown mixed effects on reducing GDM incidence. Trials testing the effects of postpartum lifestyle interventions among women with a history of GDM have shown reduced incidence of diabetes and improved cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, the long-term effects of interpregnancy or prepregnancy lifestyle interventions on subsequent GDM remain unknown. Future adequately powered and well-controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the effects of lifestyle interventions to prevent GDM and identify pathways to effectively reach reproductive-aged women across all levels of society, before, during, and after pregnancy.
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Two recent studies have shown that lifestyle interventions before pregnancy may help to prevent GDM.
“Two recent studies have shown that lifestyle interventions before pregnancy may help to prevent GDM.”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Interconception or preconceptional interventions section reports observational evidence that weight loss before pregnancy is associated with lower GDM risk. It also says no known clinical trials had examined whether postpartum weight-control interventions affect subsequent pregnancies. The paper therefore supports the possibility of prevention, but not the claim that two recent studies showed pre-pregnancy lifestyle interventions prevent GDM. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese studies are small, of varying quality, and used different components of lifestyle interventions.
“However, these studies are small, of varying quality and used different components of “lifestyle interventions” [26, 27].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In “Lifestyle Interventions: Before, During, and/or After pregnancy” (page unavailable), the review says prenatal GDM-prevention studies were limited by lack of power and variability in interventions, supporting the descriptions of small studies and differing intervention components. It does not characterize the studies as being of varying quality. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Phelan, S.
- Affiliations
- California Polytechnic State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phelan, Suzanne
- ORCID
- Phelan, Suzanne
- Venue
- American Journal of Perinatology
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2016-08-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1291-1299
- ISSN
- 0735-1631 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-8785
- PMC
- PMC5685171
- OpenAlex
- W2499143383
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Perinatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD084282)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, lifestyle intervention, gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy obesity, type 2 diabetes prevention, cardiovascular risk, maternal health, offspring outcomes, diet and physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Female, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Postnatal Care, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Exercise, Diabetes, Gestational, Preconception Care, Secondary Prevention, Weight Reduction Programs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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