Understanding E-Mental Health Resources: Personality, Awareness, Utilization, and Effectiveness of E-Mental Health Resources Amongst Youth
Abstract
The focus of this study is to replicate portions of the study by Neal, Campbell, Williams, Liu, and Nussbaumer (2011) to determine if their findings translate to Australian adolescents. Specifically, this study aims to: determine personality types as predictors of knowledge and utilization of e-mental health resources; identify subject usage rates of specific e-mental health resources; and identify subject views on the efficacy of these resources. Participants were an opportunistic sample of 1st-year university students (N = 176) between the ages of 18 and 25. A single session online survey was administered. The hypotheses that extroverted adolescents are less likely to have an awareness of e-mental health resources when compared to neurotic adolescents; and extroverted adolescents are less likely to engage in seeking help from e-mental health resources when compared to neurotic adolescents, were not supported. This study was unable to discern the efficacy of e-mental health resources or the sample's awareness of e-mental health resources. However, it was found that the sample was likely to engage in online help seeking behaviour for mental health concerns. Despite the limited findings, this study suggests several ideas that could be further explored.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A range of factors can influence engagement with DMHIs, such as the relevance of information to the user, a lack of user motivation to persist with a self-guided intervention, and poor user experience with the technology.
“A range of factors can influence engagement with DMHIs, such as the relevance of information to the user provided by a digital intervention [13], a lack of user motivation to persist with a self-guided intervention [14], and poor user experience with the technology [15].”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The majority of studies reported a self-selected sample, not representative and possibly biased.
“a self-selected sample, not representative and possibly biased [56,60,63,68,73,77-79]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
The majority of studies reported that the majority of participants were female.
“majority of participants were female [51,56,60,64,68,79]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
The majority of studies reported non-validated and possibly biased measures.
“non-validated and possibly biased measures [56,64,74,77]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
Lack of awareness of online resources is a barrier to online services [51,56,76].
“lack of awareness of online resources [51,56,76]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
Cites
Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice,
(2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00362-4 · Cited by 9,485 · see citing works
A revised version of the Psychoticism scale
Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90026-1 · Cited by 3,094 · see citing works
Eysenbach, G. (2001) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3.2.e20 · Cited by 2,449 · see citing works
Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis
SPEK, V., CUIJPERS, P., NYKLÍČEK, I., RIPER, H., KEYZER, J., & POP, V. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008944 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Shapira, N. (2008) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802094429 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
McMullan, M. (2006) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.10.006 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: randomised controlled trial
Christensen, H. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37945.566632.ee · Cited by 928 · cited 4× · see citing works
“through extensive randomized control trials and comparative randomized trials investigating the efficacy of this particular e-mental health resource, particularly in treating mild-to-moderate depression (Christensen, Griffiths, & Jorm, 2004; Christensen et al., 2006; Mackinnon et al., 2008; Perini et al., 2009; Titov…”
BackgroundInfluentialTitov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010939 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Clarke, G., Eubanks, D., Reid, E., Kelleher, C., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Lynch, F., Nunley, S., & Gullion, C. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.2.e16 · Cited by 372 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A study by Clarke and colleagues ( 2005 ) found that reminders were a significant factor in determining retention and effectiveness.”
BackgroundQuality of web based information on treatment of depression: cross sectional survey
Griffiths, K. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7275.1511 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Can personality assessment predict future depression? A twelve-month follow-up of 631 subjects
Cloninger, C. R., Švrakić, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.034 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Panic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Wims, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., & Choi, I. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048671003614171 · Cited by 290 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Barriers to conventional treatment for depression may include affordability, a short supply of healthcare services or clinicians, inconvenience in terms of conflicting working hours or social stigmas associated with mental health disorders (Lissman & Boehnlein, 2001 ; Perini, Titov, & Andrews, 2009 ).”
BackgroundGender differences in depression: the role of personality factors
Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.024 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
CHRISTENSEN, H., GRIFFITHS, K. M., MACKINNON, A. J., & BRITTLIFFE, K. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008695 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Personality traits and the development of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation
Chioqueta, A. P., & Stiles, T. C. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.010 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Korten, A. E., Brittliffe, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e46 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
Perini, S., Titov, N., & Andrews, G. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902873722 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Griffiths, K. M., Calear, A. L., & Banfield, M. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1270 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Vernmark, K., Lenndin, J., Bjärehed, J., Carlsson, M., Karlsson, J., Öberg, J., Carlbring, P., Eriksson, T., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.005 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Mackinnon, A. J., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. M. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032078 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Depression-related psychosocial variables: Are they specific to depression in adolescents?
Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.3.365 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Griffiths, K. M., Calear, A. L., Banfield, M., & Tam, A. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1303 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Use of Computerized Self-Help Packages to Treat Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
Sethi, S., Campbell, A. J., & Ellis, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2010.508317 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression-related psychosocial variables: Are they specific to depression in adolescents?
Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Seeley, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.365 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Critical Review of Internet Information About Depression
Lissman, T. L., & Boehnlein, J. K. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1046 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Adolescents' use of the Internet: a controversial, coming-of-age resource.
Borzekowski, D. L. G. (2006) · PubMed · doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.10.006 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Big Three or the Big Five—the EPQ-R vs the NEO-PI: a research note, replication and elaboration
Draycott, S., & Kline, P. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00010-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence and personality in major depression: Trait versus state effects
Hansenne, M., & Bianchi, J. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Personality traits and personality disorders in early onset versus late onset major depression
Ramklint, M., & Ekselius, L. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00028-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression and personality structure
del Barrio, V., Rosset, C. M., López-Martínez, R., & Olmedo, M. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00030-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Neal, D. M., Campbell, A. J., Williams, L. Y., Liu, Y., & Nussbaumer, D. (2011) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2010.07.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationClara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00143-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hausner, H. H., Hajak, G., & Spießl, H. (2008) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.genm.2008.05.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Potential of e‐health in relation to depression: short survey of previous research
Stjernswärd, S., & Östman, M. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.01017.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Borghouts, J., Eikey, E., Mark, G., De Leon, C., Schueller, S. M., Schneider, M., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D., & Sorkin, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24387 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
“A range of factors can influence engagement with DMHIs, such as the relevance of information to the user provided by a digital intervention [13], a lack of user motivation to persist with a self-guided intervention [14], and poor user experience with the technology [15].”
BackgroundYoung People’s Online Help-Seeking and Mental Health Difficulties: Systematic Narrative Review
Pretorius, C., Chambers, D., & Coyle, D. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13873 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review
Kauer, S. D., Mangan, C., & Sanci, L. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3103 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Young People Seeking Help Online for Mental Health: Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Pretorius, C., Chambers, D., Cowan, B., & Coyle, D. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/13524 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mental Health-Related Digital Use by University Students: A Systematic Review
Montagni, I., Tzourio, C., Cousin, T., Sagara, J. A., Bada-Alonzi, J., & Horgan, A. M. (2019) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2018.0316 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Bornschlegl, M., Meldrum, K., & Caltabiano, N. J. (2020) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3196 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Connected Mental Health: Systematic Mapping Study
(2020) · doi:10.2196/19950 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pretorius, C., McCashin, D., & Coyle, D. (2022) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2077733 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Llaneza, D. H., Llaneza, A. J., & Kozlov, E. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2154728 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
College Students’ Attitudes About Mental Health-Related Content in Mobile Apps
Palmer, K. M., & Henderson, S. (2019) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-019-00102-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Online therapeutic methods: A systematic review
Chipps, W., Petzold, A., Adams, C., & Jackson, K. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00791-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
MacDonald, H., Lisnyj, K. T., & Papadopoulos, A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.47678/cjhe.v52i2.189145 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
White, E., & Hanley, T. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neumann, A., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/70925 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Connected Mental Health Solutions: Global Attitudes, Preferences, and Concerns
Drissi, N., Ouhbi, S., Serhani, M. A., Marques, G., & Díez, I. D. L. T. (2022) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2022.0036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Drissi, N., Ouhbi, S., Amiri, L., Mugaddam, F. A., Jan, R. K., & Isomursu, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/27675 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Undergraduate College Students' Attitudes About Internet-based Mental Health Interventions
Palmer, K. M. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mohammadi, E., & Masoumi, A. (2018) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-4168-4.ch003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fernandes, A. (2016) · e-scholar@UOIT (University of Ontario Institute of Technology)
Hünninger, J., Metzinger, N., Storch, S. D., & Bredl, K. (2011) · merz | medien + erziehung · doi:10.21240/merz/2011.6.9
Scalora, S. C., Lechich, S., DePasquale, A., Geramian, H., Blodget, K., Ilieva, I. P., Temkin, A. B., & Marino, P. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.062
- Authors
- Feng, X. L., & Campbell, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Feng, Xian Long
- ORCID
- Campbell, Andrew
- Venue
- Journal of Technology in Human Services
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101-119
- ISSN
- 0740-445X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-8835
- 1522-8991
- OpenAlex
- W2064885876
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Technology in Human Services (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Keywords
- online help-seeking, personality traits, extraversion, neuroticism, help-seeking, resource utilization (health care), university students, adolescents, replication study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review