Young People’s Online Help-Seeking and Mental Health Difficulties: Systematic Narrative Review
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Young people frequently make use of the internet as part of their day-to-day activities, and this has extended to their help-seeking behavior. Offline help-seeking is known to be impeded by a number of barriers including stigma and a preference for self-reliance. Online help-seeking may offer an additional domain where young people can seek help for mental health difficulties without being encumbered by these same barriers. Objective: The objective of this systematic literature review was to examine young peoples’ online help-seeking behaviors for mental health concerns. It aimed to summarize young peoples’ experiences and identify benefits and limitations of online help-seeking for this age group. It also examined the theoretical perspectives that have been applied to understand online help-seeking. Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed research papers from the following major electronic databases was conducted: PsycINFO, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. The search was conducted in August 2017. The narrative synthesis approach to reviews was used to analyze the existing evidence to answer the review questions. Results: Overall, 28 studies were included. The most common method of data collection was through the use of surveys. Study quality was moderate to strong. Text-based query via an internet search engine was the most commonly identified help-seeking approach. Social media, government or charity websites, live chat, instant messaging, and online communities were also used. Key benefits included anonymity and privacy, immediacy, ease of access, inclusivity, the ability to connect with others and share experiences, and a greater sense of control over the help-seeking journey. Online help-seeking has the potential to meet the needs of those with a preference for self-reliance or act as a gateway to further help-seeking. Barriers to help-seeking included a lack of mental health literacy, concerns about privacy and confidentiality, and uncertainty about the trustworthiness of online resources. Until now, there has been limited development and use of theoretical models to guide research on online help-seeking. Conclusions: Approaches to improving help-seeking by young people should consider the role of the internet and online resources as an adjunct to offline help-seeking. This review identifies opportunities and challenges in this space. It highlights the limited use of theoretical frameworks to help conceptualize online help-seeking. Self-determination theory and the help-seeking model provide promising starting points for the development of online help-seeking theories. This review discusses the use of these theories to conceptualize online help-seeking and identify key motivations and tensions that may arise when young people seek help online.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Confidentiality and anonymity are a particular concern for mental health tool users, given the stigma associated with mental ill-health.
“Further, confidentiality and anonymity are a particular concern for mental health tool users, given the stigma associated with mental ill-health [24,25]”
From Providing Self-Led Mental Health Support Through an Artificial Intelligence–Powered Chat Bot (Leora) to Meet the Demand of Mental Health Care (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (Limitations to Online Help-Seeking) link young people’s privacy concerns to the stigma of friends or family learning about their mental health concerns. The Discussion (Tensions and Opportunities in Online Help-Seeking) also identifies confidentiality and anonymity as important, but the review concerns young people seeking help online, not mental health tool users generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA systematic narrative review of 28 studies found that many young people with mental health problems spend time online seeking ways to alleviate and better understand their symptoms.
“a recent systematic narrative review of 28 studies of online help-seeking behaviors indicated that many young people suffering from mental health problems are spending their time online searching for means of alleviating and better understanding their symptoms (Pretorius, Chambers, & Coyle, 2019).”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Pretorius, Chambers, & Coyle, 2019
Many young people turn to social media for support and advice related to their mental health symptoms.
“many young people turn to social media for support and advice related to their mental health symptoms”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Pretorius et al., 2019
Online help-seeking seems related to increased anonymity, accessibility, and inclusivity.
“Online help-seeking seems related to increased anonymity, accessibility, and inclusivity [31], and social media shows benefits for offering mental health care [32].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210 · see citing works
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 27,815 · see citing works
Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0012801 · Cited by 6,664 · see citing works
Moral Identity and Developmental Theory
Lapsley, D. K. (2015) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000435926 · Cited by 3,836 · see citing works
Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457 · see citing works
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-113 · Cited by 3,292 · see citing works
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x · Cited by 2,585 · see citing works
Young People’s Help-Seeking for Mental Health Problems
Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005) · Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.4.3.218 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review
Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience
Peters, D., Calvo, R. A., & Ryan, R. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00797 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Understanding and Evaluating Survey Research
Ponto, J. A. (2015) · Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology · doi:10.6004/jadpro.2015.6.2.9 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Health-Related Internet Use by Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review
Park, E., & Kwon, M. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7731 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Daine, K., Hawton, K. E., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review
Kauer, S. D., Mangan, C., & Sanci, L. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3103 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Young students' use of the Internet for mental health information and support
HORGAN, Á., & SWEENEY, J. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01497.x · Cited by 303 · cited 15× · see citing works
“The studies identified by this review indicated that many young people were going online to look for a space where they could share their feelings without fear of judgement or labelling but at the same time, it was important that these spaces protected their privacy [30,33,43].”
InfluentialHelp-Seeking Behaviour and Adolescent Self-Harm: A Systematic Review
Rowe, S. L., French, R. S., Henderson, C., Ougrin, D., Slade, M., & Moran, P. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414555718 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
How Health Care Professionals Use Social Media to Create Virtual Communities: An Integrative Review
Rolls, K., Hansen, M. M., Jackson, D. W., & Elliott, D. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5312 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Ascheman, P. L. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014903 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The internet as a setting for mental health service utilisation by young people
Burns, J. M., Davenport, T. A., Durkin, L. A., Luscombe, G. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2010) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03688.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Ellis, L. A., Collin, P., Hurley, P. J., Davenport, T. A., Burns, J. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-119 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Rickwood, D., Mazzer, K., & Telford, N. R. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0429-6 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Birnbaum, M. L., Rizvi, A. F., Correll, C. U., Kane, J. M., & Confino, J. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12237 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Mars, B., Heron, J., Biddle, L., Donovan, J., Holley, R., Piper, M., Potokar, J. P., Wyllie, C., & Gunnell, D. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.001 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Enhancing early engagement with mental health services by young people
Burns, J. M., & Birrell, E. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s49151 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Investing in mental health and well-being: findings from the DataPrev project
McDaid, D., & Park, A. (2011) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dar059 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Dreyer, N. A., Velentgas, P., Westrich, K., & Dubois, R. (2014) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2014.20.3.301 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Kearns, M., Muldoon, O., Msetfi, R., & Surgenor, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01462 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: implications for public health
Spears, B. A., Taddeo, C. M., Daly, A., Stretton, A., & McLoughlin, L. T. (2015) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-014-0642-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Adolescent's preferred modes of delivery for mental health services
Bradford, S., & Rickwood, D. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Wetterlin, F. M., Mar, M. Y., Neilson, E. K., Werker, G. R., & Krausz, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3526 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Social Work and Social Media: Online Help-Seeking and the Mental Well-Being of Adolescent Males
Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. J. (2014) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcu130 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
ReachOut.com: The role of an online service for promoting help-seeking in young people
Collin, P. J., Metcalf, A. T., Stephens-Reicher, J. C., Blanchard, M. E., Herrman, H. E., Rahilly, K., & Burns, J. M. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.39 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cunningham, C. E., Walker, J. R., Eastwood, J. D., Westra, H. A., Rimas, H. L., Chen, Y., Marcus, M., Swinson, R. P., Bracken, K., & The Mobilizing Minds Research Group (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.811324 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Helper therapy in an online suicide prevention community
Greidanus, E., & Everall, R. D. (2010) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069881003600991 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ellis, L. A., Collin, P. J., Davenport, T. A., Hurley, P. J., Burns, J. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2291 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Positive Computing: Technology for Wellbeing and Human Potential
Calvo, R. A., & Peters, D. (2016) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2016.22.2.84 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Who Seeks Help Online for Self-Injury?
Frost, M., & Casey, L. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1004470 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Seeking Help From Everyone and No-One
Best, P., Gil-Rodriguez, E., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. J. (2016) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732316648128 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Online Mental Health Information Seeking in Young Adults with Mental Health Challenges
Gowen, L. K. (2013) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2013.765533 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The role of technology in Australian youth mental health reform
Burns, J. M., Birrell, E., Bismark, M., Pirkis, J., Davenport, T. A., Hickie, I. B., Weinberg, M. K., & Ellis, L. A. (2016) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah15115 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-Injury, Help-Seeking, and the Internet
Frost, M., Casey, L. M., & Rando, N. (2015) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000346 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bell, J., Mok, K., Gardiner, E., & Pirkis, J. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1334609 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
As simple as that?: tween credibility assessment in a complex online world
Subramaniam, M. M., Taylor, N. G., Jean, B. S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-03-2014-0049 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Adolescents' views about an internet platform for adolescents with mental health problems
Havas, J., de Nooijer, J., Crutzen, R., & FERON, F. J. M. (2011) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/09654281111123466 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Healthy Connections: Online Social Networks and their Potential for Peer Support
O’Dea, B., & Campbell, A. (2011) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-791-8-133 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
F120. USING DIGITAL MEDIA ADVERTISING IN EARLY PSYCHOSIS INTERVENTION
Birnbaum, M., Garrett, C., Baumel, A., Scovel, M., Rizvi, A., Muscat, W., & Kane, J. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600571 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Birnbaum, M., Candan, K. A., Libby, I., Pascucci, O., & Kane, J. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12179 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Who Goes Online for Suicide-Related Reasons?
Mok, K., Jorm, A. F., & Pirkis, J. (2016) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000366 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Exploring e-Mental Health Preferences of Generation Y
Mar, M. Y., Neilson, E. K., Torchalla, I., Werker, G. R., Laing, A., & Krausz, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2014.943457 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ruppel, E. K., & McKinley, C. J. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0652 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kauer, S. D., Buhagiar, K., Blake, V., Cotton, S., & Sanci, L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015303 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
"Live Chat" Clients at Kids Help Phone: Individual Characteristics and Problem Topics.
(2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kauer, S., Buhagiar, K., & Sanci, L. (2017) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2016.1237856 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Feng, X. L., & Campbell, A. (2011) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2011.595276 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Alcohol, drug and related health and wellbeing issues among young people completing an online screen
Barker, F., Manning, V., Best, D. W., Savic, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2016) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856216671657 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sanci, L. A., Kauer, S. D., & Buhagiar, K. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [8]Rickwood D Thomas K Bradford S The Sax Institute 2012 2019-10-02 Help-seeking Measures in Mental Health: A Rapid Review https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/02_Help-seeking-measures-in-mental-health.pdf
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
“…face of setbacks (Toma & Hancock, 2013) and many young people turn to social media for support and advice related to their mental health symptoms (Pretorius et al., 2019), with some research suggesting that adolescents with moderate to severe depressive symptoms may be more likely (2×) than…”
Social Media Use for Health Purposes: Systematic Review
Chen, J., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17917 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Lehtimaki, S., Martic, J., Wahl, B., Foster, K. T., & Schwalbe, N. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/25847 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Young people’s use of digital health technologies in the global north: Narrative review
Lupton, D. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18286 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
When the Social Becomes Non-Human: Young People's Perception of Social Support in Chatbots
Bae Brandtzæg, P. B., Skjuve, M., Kristoffer Dysthe, K. K., & Følstad, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445318 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Screen time, social media use, and adolescent development
Odgers, C. L., Schueller, S. M., & Ito, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
ChatGPT is not ready yet for use in providing mental health assessment and interventions
Dergaa, I., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Hallit, S., Loch, A. A., Glenn, J. M., Fessi, M. S., Ben Aissa, M., Souissi, N., Guelmami, N., Swed, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1277756 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
van der Schyff, E. L., Ridout, B., Amon, K. L., Forsyth, R., & Campbell, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46448 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Further, confidentiality and anonymity are a particular concern for mental health tool users, given the stigma associated with mental ill-health [24,25], as are data ownership and privacy rights, which are difficult but important elements to manage [26].”
Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Rice, S., D'Alfonso, S., Leicester, S., Bendall, S., Pryor, I., Russon, P., McEnery, C., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Da Costa, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17155 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effectiveness of digital mental health interventions for university students: An umbrella review
Harith, S., Backhaus, I., Mohbin, N., Ngo, H. T., & Khoo, S. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13111 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Social Media and the Transformation of the Physician-Patient Relationship: Viewpoint
Forgie, E. M. E., Lai, H., Cao, B., Stroulia, E., Greenshaw, A. J., & Goez, H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25230 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms-A Longitudinal Study from Early to Late Adolescence
Puukko, K., Hietajärvi, L., Maksniemi, E., Alho, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165921 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Adolescent development and growing divides in the digital age
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/codgers · Cited by 74 · see citing works
van Agteren, J., Bartholomaeus, J., Fassnacht, D. B., Iasiello, M., Ali, K., Lo, L., & Kyrios, M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/20696 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Young, J., Jawara, L. M., Nguyen, D. N., Daly, B., Huh-Yoo, J., & Razi, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642574 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Single-session interventions embedded within Tumblr: acceptability, feasibility, and utility study
Dobias, M. L., Morris, R. R., & Schleider, J. L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fischer-Grote, L., Fössing, V., Aigner, M., Fehrmann, E., & Boeckle, M. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46637 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Online help-seeking seems related to increased anonymity, accessibility, and inclusivity [31], and social media shows benefits for offering mental health care [32].”
BackgroundAchterberg, M., Becht, A., van der Cruijsen, R., van de Groep, I. H., Spaans, J. P., Klapwijk, E., & Crone, E. A. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101088 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Oguine, O. C., Park, J. K., Akter, M., Olesk, J., Alluhidan, A., Wisniewski, P., & Badillo-Urquiola, K. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3710995 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Why do some Mexicans with psychosis risk symptoms seek mental health care and others do not?
Domínguez, T., Puebla, D. P., Fresán, A., Sheinbaum, T., Nieto, L., Robles, R., López, S. R., de la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Lara Muñoz, M. D. C., Barrantes-Vidal, N., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116199 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pretorius, C., Chambers, D., & Coyle, D.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Health Service Executive (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Pretorius, Claudette
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2019-11-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e13873
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6891826
- OpenAlex
- W2969598449
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 19
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, 722561)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- online help-seeking, youth, youth mental health, mental illness, help-seeking barriers, help-seeking facilitators, mental health literacy, privacy and confidentiality, self-determination theory, online communities, social media, stigma, self-reliance, online mental health resources, anonymity
- MeSH terms
- Help-Seeking Behavior, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Internet, Qualitative Research, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
