Links Between the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Depression: A Genetically Informed Study
Abstract
This study examined the unique roles of support and conflict in the relationship with the mother and the father in predicting changes in adolescents' depressive symptoms over a 1-year period. Potential moderating effects of genetic factors (Gene × Environment interaction) and sex were also investigated. This study utilized a design of twins raised in the same family, based on a sample of 121 monozygotic and 88 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs (418 individuals; 52.2% girls) assessed in Grade 8 (M = 14.09, SD = .29) and in Grade 9 (M = 15.07, SD = .26). Depressive symptoms and the parent-adolescent relationship quality were measured with self-report questionnaires. Multilevel regressions revealed that a lack of support in the father-adolescent relationship predicted increased depressive symptoms among all adolescents, whereas conflict in the father-adolescent relationship predicted increased depressive symptoms more strongly as adolescents' genetic vulnerability for depressive symptoms increased. Moreover, a high level of support in the relationship with the mother predicted increased depressive symptoms in boys-but not girls-with a high genetic risk for such problems. In line with a diathesis-stress model of psychopathology, these findings suggest that relationship quality with both parents might impact girls' and boys' depressive symptoms but that these associations depend to some extent on adolescents' genetic vulnerabilities.
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A number of studies have been undertaken on psychological factors linked to depression, including mastery, self-esteem, optimism, negative self-image, current or past mental health conditions, neuroticism, brooding, conflict, negative thinking, insight, cognitive fusion, emotional clarity, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, interpretation bias, and attachment style.
“A number of studies have been undertaken on the psychological factors linked to depression (including mastery, self-esteem, optimism, negative self-image, current or past mental health conditions, and various other aspects, including neuroticism, brooding, conflict, negative thinking, insight, cognitive fusion, emotional clarity, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, interpretation bias, and attach”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [140]
Social support and cohesion, as well as structural social capital, have been identified as determinants of depression.
“Social support and cohesion, as well as structural social capital, have also been identified as determinants [140,228,239,269,293,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [140]
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- Authors
- Brouillard, C., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Université Laval (CA)
- National Research Tomsk State University (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Brendgen, Mara
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-08-18
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- S397-S408
- ISSN
- 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4424
- OpenAlex
- W2749253638
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archipel (Université du Québec à Montréal) (acceptedVersion)
- Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (410-2011-2491)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, depressive symptoms, parent-adolescent relationships, mother-adolescent relationship, father-adolescent relationship, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict, genetic susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, diathesis-stress model, sex differences, monozygotic and dizygotic twins
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Depression, Diseases in Twins, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Twins, Gene-Environment Interaction
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