The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intact first- and second-order false belief reasoning in a patient with severely impaired grammar
Abstract
The retention of first-order theory of mind (ToM) despite severe loss of grammar has been reported in two patients with left hemisphere brain damage (Varley & Siegal, 2000 Varley, R. and Siegal, M. 2000. Evidence for cognition without grammar from causal reasoning and “theory of mind” in an agrammatic aphasic patient. Current Biology, 10: 723–726. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Varley, Siegal, & Want, 2001 Varley, R., Siegal, M. and Want, S. C. 2001. Severe impairment in grammar does not preclude theory of mind. Neurocase, 7: 489–493. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We report a third, and more detailed, case study. Patient PH shows significant general language impairment, and severe grammatical impairment similar to that reported in previous studies. In addition we were able to show that PH's impairment extends to grammatical constructions most closely related to ToM in studies of children (embedded complement clauses and relative clauses). Despite this, PH performed almost perfectly on first-order false belief tasks and on a novel nonverbal second-order false belief task. PH was also successful on a novel test of “ToM semantics” that required evaluation of the certainty implied by different mental state terms. The data strongly suggest that grammar is not a necessary source of structure for explicit ToM reasoning in adults, but do not rule out a critical role for “ToM semantics.” In turn this suggests that the relationship observed between grammar and ToM in studies of children is the result of an exclusively developmental process.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The neuropsychological literature features striking dissociations between deficits in linguistic and nonlinguistic abilities (1–6).”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00304 · Cited by 4,476
Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs?
Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1107621 · Cited by 2,350
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 · Cited by 1,392
The Autistic Child's Theory of Mind: a Case of Specific Developmental Delay
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x · Cited by 1,043
A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory-of-mind development.
Astington, J. W., & Jenkins, J. M. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1311 · Cited by 966
Why Language Matters for Theory of Mind
Rybka, A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159912.001.0001 · Cited by 819
The cognitive functions of language
Carruthers, P. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000122 · Cited by 728
Goal attribution without agency cues: the perception of ‘pure reason’ in infancy
Csibra, G., Gergely, G., Bı́ró, S., Koós, O., & Brockbank, M. (1999) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00039-6 · Cited by 664
de Villiers, J. G., & Pyers, J. E. (2002) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(02)00073-4 · Cited by 661
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Apperly I. A., Cognition
- Burgess P. W., 1997, The Hayling and Brixton Tests – manual
- Dunn J., 2005, Why language matters for theory of mind
- Hamburger H., 1982, Language development: Vol. 1. Syntax and semantics, 245
- Harris M. E., 1988, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Scoring program (Version 2.0)
- Harris P. L., 2005, Why language matters for theory of mind
- Howard D., 1992, The Pyramids and Palm Trees Test
- Kay J., 1992, PALPA: Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia
- Laiacona M., 1993, Neurologia e Psichiatria, 2, 209
- Riddoch M. J., 1993, Birmingham Object Recognition Battery (BORB)
- Trenerry M. R., 1989, Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test
- Violon A., 1984, Test d'apprentissage progressif de dessins sans signification
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain
Fedorenko, E., Behr, M. K., & Kanwisher, N. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112937108 · Cited by 595
Functional organization of social perception and cognition in the superior temporal sulcus
Deen, B., Koldewyn, K., Kanwisher, N., & Saxe, R. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv111 · Cited by 443
The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain
Fedorenko, E. G., Ivanova, A. A., & Regev, T. I. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00802-4 · Cited by 374
Fedorenko, E., & Varley, R. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13046 · Cited by 247
Broca’s Area Is Not a Natural Kind
Fedorenko, E. G., & Blank, I. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.001 · Cited by 272
Metadata
- Authors
- Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., Carroll, N., Hussain, S., & Humphreys, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Apperly, Ian A.
- Venue
- Social Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 334-348
- ISSN
- 1747-0919 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-0927
- OpenAlex
- W2058676017
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- theory of mind, false belief reasoning, second-order false belief, agrammatic aphasia, relative clauses, left hemisphere damage, language impairment, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Culture, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Photic Stimulation, Semantics, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
