The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Abstract
Scale development involves numerous theoretical, methodological, and statistical competencies. Despite the central role that scales play in our predictions, scholars often apply measurement building procedures that are inconsistent with best practices. The defaults in statistical programs, inadequate training, and numerous evaluation points can lead to improper practices. Based on a quantitative content analysis of communication journal articles, scholars have improved very little in the communication of their scale development decisions and practices. To address these reoccurring issues, this article breaks down and recommends 10 steps to follow in the scale development process for researchers unfamiliar with the process. Furthermore, the present research makes a unique contribution by overviewing procedures scholars should employ to develop their dimensions and corresponding items. The overarching objective is to encourage the adoption of scale development best practices that yield stronger concepts, and in the long run, a more stable foundation of knowledge.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As pointed out by Carpenter (2018), it is common in scale development to remove items.”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter (2018)
In the citing paper
“Besides, it is important to meet the requirement of an optimal scale length to ensure participants' motivation (Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
In the citing paper
“The proposed questionnaire was developed following recommendations from various methodologists (e.g., Carpenter, 2018;DeVellis and Thorpe, 2021;Worthington and Whittaker, 2006).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
In the citing paper
“Measuring an abstract construct such as cognitive load with a small number of items is problematic (Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
In the citing paper
“These items were not deleted to maintain the theoretical convergence of the construct (e.g., Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
(1991) · Cited by 15,554
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868 · Cited by 10,297
(2007) · Cited by 10,092
Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed
Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Hair, J. F. (2006) · Cited by 9,807
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review
Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338 · Cited by 6,937 · cited 1×
“Several content analyses have been done outside the field of communication evaluating such practices (Jackson, Gillaspy, & PureStephenson, 2009; Schreiber et al., 2006; Worthington &Whittaker, 2006).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Barrett P. T., 1981, Personality Study and Group Behavior, 1, 23
- Beavers A. S., 2013, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18, 1
- Bollen K., 1991, MIS Quarterly, 28, 305
- Chaffee S. H., 1991, Explication
- Costello A. B., 2005, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1
- Gorsuch R. L., 1983, Factor analysis
- Nunnally J. C., 1994, Psychometric theory
- Tabachnick B. G., 2007, Using multivariate statistics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-020-10159-7 · Cited by 747
Chatterjee, S., & Kar, A. K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102103 · Cited by 613
Rana, N. P., Chatterjee, S., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Akter, S. (2021) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1080/0960085x.2021.1955628 · Cited by 500
Abeele, V. V., Spiel, K., Nacke, L., Johnson, D., & Gerling, K. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.102370 · Cited by 411
Adoption of artificial intelligence-integrated CRM systems in agile organizations in India
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., & Ghosh, S. K. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120783 · Cited by 277
User generated content presenting brands on social media increases young adults’ purchase intention
Mayrhofer, M., Matthes, J., Einwiller, S. A., & Naderer, B. (2019) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2019.1596447 · Cited by 214
Schmuck, D., Karsay, K., Matthes, J., & Stevic, A. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101240 · Cited by 241
Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts
Elangovan, N., & Sundaravel, E. (2021) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326 · Cited by 273
Development and Validation of an Algorithm Literacy Scale for Internet Users
Dogruel, L., Masur, P., & Joeckel, S. (2022) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2021.1968361 · Cited by 177
Extraction of protein from food waste: An overview of current status and opportunities
Kamal, H., Le, C. F., Salter, A. M., & Ali, A. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12739 · Cited by 170
Zarouali, B., Boerman, S. C., & de Vreese, C. H. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101607 · Cited by 225
Chatterjee, S., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-08-2020-0603 · Cited by 194
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2021) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-11-2020-0261 · Cited by 148
Bi, N. C., & Zhang, R. (2023) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-08-2021-0214 · Cited by 170
Chatterjee, S., & Chaudhuri, R. (2021) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-021-00203-1 · Cited by 155
Kachanoff, F. J., Bigman, Y., Kapsaskis, K., & Gray, K. J. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620931634 · Cited by 154
Krieglstein, F., Beege, M., Rey, G. D., Sanchez-Stockhammer, C., & Schneider, S. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09738-0 · Cited by 139
Richter, E., Brunner, M., & Richter, D. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103303 · Cited by 191
Murphy, B., Benson, T., McCloat, A., Mooney, E., Elliott, C. T., Dean, M., & Lavelle, F. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010020 · Cited by 145
Stefana, A., Damiani, S., Granziol, U., Provenzani, U., Solmi, M., Youngstrom, E. A., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494261 · Cited by 220
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., & Jabeen, F. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.019 · Cited by 157
Entrepreneurial leadership measurement: a multi-dimensional construct
Bagheri, A., & Harrison, C. (2020) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-01-2019-0027 · Cited by 131
Rice, S., Parker, A. G., Mawren, D., Clifton, P., Harcourt, P. R., Lloyd, M., Kountouris, A., Smith, B., McGorry, P. D., & Purcell, R. (2019) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2019.1611900 · Cited by 147
The dark at the end of the tunnel: Doomscrolling on social media newsfeeds.
Sharma, B., Lee, S. S., & Johnson, B. K. (2022) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000059 · Cited by 207
Chatterjee, S., Ghosh, S. K., & Chaudhuri, R. (2020) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-05-2019-0183 · Cited by 122
AI and digitalization in relationship management: Impact of adopting AI-embedded CRM system
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.033 · Cited by 172
Hennegan, J. M., Nansubuga, A., Smith, C., Redshaw, M., Akullo, A., & Schwab, K. J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034461 · Cited by 117
Adoption of AI-integrated CRM system by Indian industry: from security and privacy perspective
Chatterjee, S., Ghosh, S. K., Chaudhuri, R., & Chaudhuri, S. (2020) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-02-2019-0029 · Cited by 114
Chaudhuri, R., Chatterjee, S., Kraus, S., & Vrontis, D. (2022) · Journal of Family Business Management · doi:10.1108/jfbm-12-2021-0153 · Cited by 127
Maertens, R., Götz, F. M., Golino, H. F., Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Kyrychenko, Y., Kerr, J. R., Stieger, S., McClanahan, W. P., III, Drabot, K., et al. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02124-2 · Cited by 161
Tourism Memory Characteristics Scale: Development and Validation
Kim, Y., Ribeiro, M. A., & Li, G. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211033355 · Cited by 123
Developing and Testing the Transformative Travel Experience Scale (TTES)
Soulard, J., McGehee, N. G., & Knollenberg, W. (2020) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287520919511 · Cited by 106
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3134188 · Cited by 109
Lambe, L. J., & Craig, W. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.12.001 · Cited by 96
That’s Private! Understanding Travelers’ Privacy Concerns and Online Data Disclosure
Ioannou, A., Tussyadiah, I. P., & Miller, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287520951642 · Cited by 97
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., & Piccolo, R. (2021) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2021.100827 · Cited by 93
Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharjee, K. K., Tsai, C., & Agrawal, A. K. (2021) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01100-2 · Cited by 102
Chatterjee, S., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10104-0 · Cited by 87
KEŞFEDİCİ VE DOĞRULAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİ: KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA
Karaman, M. (2023) · Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.29131/uiibd.1279602 · Cited by 99
Value co-creation and social media at bottom of pyramid (BOP)
Chatterjee, S., & Nguyen, B. (2021) · The Bottom Line Managing Library Finances · doi:10.1108/bl-11-2020-0070 · Cited by 83
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2021) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2021.1936132 · Cited by 83
Social customer relationship management factors and business benefits
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., Ghosh, S. K., & Chaudhuri, S. (2020) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2019-1933 · Cited by 80
Processes of Using, Modifying, Adapting and Developing Likert Type Scales
Gökdemir, F., & Yılmaz, T. (2023) · Journal of Nursology · doi:10.5152/janhs.2023.22260 · Cited by 80
Mashatan, A., Sangari, M. S., & Dehghani, M. A. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3186786 · Cited by 78
Jarva, E., Oikarinen, A., Andersson, J., Tomietto, M., Kääriäinen, M., & Mikkonen, K. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.104995 · Cited by 78
Khatri, P., Duggal, H. K., Lim, W. M., Thomas, A., & Shiva, A. (2024) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100933 · Cited by 135
Impact of AI regulation on intention to use robots: From citizens and government perspective
Chatterjee, S. (2020) · International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems · doi:10.1108/ijius-09-2019-0051 · Cited by 81
Chatterjee, S. (2020) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-05-2020-0267 · Cited by 77
Is smart scary? A mixed-methods study on privacy in smart tourism
Femenia-Serra, F., Ioannou, A., & Tussyadiah, I. P. (2021) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.1987399 · Cited by 84
Garg, A., Goel, P., Sharma, A., & Rana, N. P. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122030 · Cited by 92
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., & Thrassou, A. (2021) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2021-2627 · Cited by 94
Supply chain mapping: a proposed construct
Mubarik, M. S., Kusi‐Sarpong, S., Govindan, K., Khan, S. A., & Oyedijo, A. (2021) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2021.1944390 · Cited by 70
Cole, A. R., Bond, C., Qualter, P., & Maes, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063285 · Cited by 84
Lünich, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36368-0 · Cited by 68
Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A., Zenko, Z., & Vazou, S. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101930 · Cited by 78
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., Mahto, R. V., & Kraus, S. (2022) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.22248 · Cited by 65
Personal Data Sharing and Legal Issues of Human Rights in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Chatterjee, S., & Sreenivasulu, N. S. (2019) · International Journal of Electronic Government Research · doi:10.4018/ijegr.2019070102 · Cited by 65
A systematic literature review of cybersecurity scales assessing information security awareness
Rohan, R., Pal, D., Hautamäki, J., Funilkul, S., Chutimaskul, W., & Thapliyal, H. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14234 · Cited by 80
Matthes, J., Schmuck, D., & von Sikorski, C. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12576 · Cited by 62
The Objective Buttocks Assessment Scale: A New and Complete Method to Assess the Gluteal Region
Roccaro, G., Hersant, B., Pensato, R., Pizza, C., Rega, U., D’Andrea, F., Meningaud, J., & Padula, S. L. (2022) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000009730 · Cited by 59
miniPXI: Development and Validation of an Eleven-Item Measure of the Player Experience Inventory
Haider, A., Harteveld, C., Johnson, D. M., Birk, M. V., Mandryk, R. L., El‐Nasr, M. S., Nacke, L. E., Gerling, K., & Abeele, V. V. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3549507 · Cited by 59
Using Attachment Theory to Conceptualize and Measure the Experiences in Human-AI Relationships
Yang, F., & Oshio, A. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07917-6 · Cited by 63
Fuzzy constructs in technology usage scales
Davidson, B. I., Shaw, H., & Ellis, D. A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107206 · Cited by 63
The development and validation of a toolkit to measure consumer trust in food
Benson, T., Lavelle, F., Spence, M., Elliott, C. T., & Dean, M. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106988 · Cited by 59
Exploring suicide-related disclosure motivation and the impact on mechanisms linked to suicide
Fulginiti, A., & Frey, L. M. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1504349 · Cited by 56
Chatterjee, S., Ghosh, S. K., & Chaudhuri, R. (2019) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2019.1664870 · Cited by 55
Barriers to consumer adoption of sustainable products – an empirical analysis
Nath, V., & Agrawal, R. (2022) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-12-2020-0495 · Cited by 61
Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Scale Development and Validation
Clark, D. R., Covin, J. G., & Pidduck, R. J. (2024) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587241279900 · Cited by 55
Factors Impacting Behavioral Intention of Users to Adopt IoT In India
Chatterjee, S. (2020) · International Journal of Information Security and Privacy · doi:10.4018/ijisp.2020100106 · Cited by 54
Kielblock, S., & Woodcock, S. (2022) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103922 · Cited by 54
Development of the Nurses’ Occupational Stressor Scale
Chen, Y., Guo, Y. L., Lin, L., Lee, Y.-J., Hu, P., Ho, J., & Shiao, J. S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020649 · Cited by 55
Kamal, H., Ali, A., Manickam, S., & Le, C. F. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135071 · Cited by 53
Refining e-shoppers’ perceived risks: Development and validation of new measurement scale
Bashir, S., Khwaja, M. G., Mahmood, A., Turi, J. A., & Latif, K. F. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102285 · Cited by 60
The safety of IoT-enabled system in smart cities of India: do ethics matter?
Chatterjee, S. (2020) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-05-2019-0085 · Cited by 52
Chatterjee, S. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1587001 · Cited by 51
Charting Competence: A Holistic Scale for Measuring Proficiency in Artificial Intelligence Literacy
Yuan, C. W., Tsai, H.-Y. S., & Chen, Y.-T. (2024) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331241261206 · Cited by 57
Was Aristotle right about moral decision-making? Building a new empirical model of practical wisdom
McLoughlin, S., Thoma, S. J., & Kristjansson, K. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317842 · Cited by 65
The development and validation of a scale to measure perceived value of mobile commerce (MVAL-SCALE)
Dastane, O., Goi, C. L., & Rabbanee, F. K. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103222 · Cited by 49
Development and Validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES)
Carrière, K., Shireen, S. H., Siemers, N., Preißner, C. E., Starr, J., Falk, C., & Knäuper, B. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689 · Cited by 47
Development and validation of generative artificial intelligence attitude scale for students
Marengo, A., Karaoglan-Yilmaz, F. G., Yılmaz, R., & Ceylan, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1528455 · Cited by 54
“Item analysis was conducted to assess the predictive and discriminative power of the scale items by using corrected item-total correlations (Carpenter, 2018).”
Hendry, A. J., & Holmboe, K. (2021) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12431 · Cited by 47
Why do people use Metaverse? A uses and gratification theory perspective
Yu, H. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2024.102110 · Cited by 50
von Sikorski, C., Matthes, J., & Schmuck, D. (2018) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650218803276 · Cited by 49
Explicating self-phones: Dimensions and correlates of smartphone self-extension
Ross, M. Q., & Bayer, J. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157920980508 · Cited by 52
Wu, H., Liu, W., & Zeng, Y. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104376 · Cited by 54
Heiss, R., Knoll, J., & Matthes, J. (2019) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2019-2054 · Cited by 46
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-021-09797-3 · Cited by 47
Kachanoff, F. J., Bigman, Y., Kapsaskis, K., & Gray, K. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5zr3w · Cited by 48
Understanding consumers' motivations to view travel live streaming: Scale development and validation
Liu, X., Zeng, Y. Z., Li, Z., & Huang, D. (2022) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101027 · Cited by 46
Matthes, J., Heiss, R., & van Scharrel, H. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107644 · Cited by 50
The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation
Tylka, T. L., Maïano, C., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Linardon, J., Burnette, C. B., Todd, J., & Swami, V. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107407 · Cited by 44
Zhao, Y., Summers, R., Gathara, D., & English, M. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04151 · Cited by 44
Koçoğlu, D., Dengiz, K. S., & Saçıkara, Z. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14349 · Cited by 44
A Study on Digital Leadership Scale Adaptation
Oktaysoy, O., Topçuoğlu, E., & Kaygın, E. (2022) · International Journal of Organizational Leadership · doi:10.33844/ijol.2022.60342 · Cited by 42
Development and validation of the Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale for Teachers (AILST)
Ning, Y., Zhang, W., Yao, D., Fang, B., Xu, B., & Wijaya, T. T. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13347-5 · Cited by 71
An overview of tourism and hospitality scales: discussion and recommendations
Koç, E., & Ayyıldız, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-06-2021-0147 · Cited by 43
Janicke‐Bowles, S. H., Buckley, T. M., Rey, R. T., Wozniak, T. R., Meier, A., & Lomanowska, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00619-5 · Cited by 40
Xiao, Y., Zhang, T., & He, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37238 · Cited by 61
RetractedGuidelines for Scale Development and Validation
Lim, W. M., Khatri, P., Shiva, A., & Dabas, V. (2026) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.70096 · Cited by 49
McKeever, B. W., McKeever, R., Choi, M., & Huang, S. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231161035 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, S.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Serena
- ORCID
- Carpenter, Serena
- Venue
- Communication Methods and Measures
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-11-22
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-44
- ISSN
- 1931-2458 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-2466
- OpenAlex
- W2768349557
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 208 · 2025: 240 · 2024: 209 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 25.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Methods and Measures (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- scale development, measurement, best practices, item development, measurement reliability, measurement validity, communication research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
