The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predicting Internet risks: a longitudinal panel study of gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use among children and adolescents
Open accessAbstract
This study used longitudinal panel survey data collected from 417 adolescents at 2 points in time 1 year apart. It examined relationships between Internet risks changes in Time 2 and social media gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use all measured at Time 1. By controlling for age, gender, education, and criterion variable scores in Internet addiction at Time 1, entertainment and instant messaging use at Time 1 significantly predicted increased Internet addiction measured at Time 2. The study also controlled for demographics and scores of criterion variables in Internet risks: targeted for harassment, privacy exposed, and pornographic or violent content consumed in Time 1. Gratifications-sought (including status-gaining, expressing opinions, and identity experimentation), Internet addiction symptoms (including withdrawal and negative life consequences), and social media use (in particular, blogs, and Facebook) significantly predicted Internet risk changes in Time 2. These findings suggest that, with their predictive power, these predictors at Time 1 could be used to identify those adolescents who are likely to develop Internet addiction symptoms and the likelihood of experiencing Internet risks based on their previous gratifications-sought, previous addiction symptoms, and their habits of social media use at Time 1.
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“Only very recently, the focus has shifted toward younger population groups [22-26].”
From Internet use and access, behavior, cyberbullying, and grooming: Results of an investigative whole city survey of adolescents (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
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Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder
YOUNG, K. S. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 · Cited by 5,513 · cited 1×
“Results from past research indicate that Internet use had interfered with participants’ academic work (Iskender & Akin, 2010; Leung & Lee, 2012b) and professional performance or their social lives (Young, 1998b).”
BackgroundUses and Gratifications Research
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/268109 · Cited by 4,012
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826
Livingstone, S. (2008) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444808089415 · Cited by 1,780 · cited 2×
“In light of the fact that different social media activities may bring different opportunities and risks (Livingstone, 2008a), this study limited its scope and examined the relationships between Internet risks and the use of four activities online that children and adolescents often spend most of their time on (i.”
BackgroundPsychological Predictors of Problem Mobile Phone Use
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39 · Cited by 1,514
(1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,425
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Finkel, S. E. (1995) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412983594 · Cited by 1,369
Parental Mediation of Children's Internet Use
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150802437396 · Cited by 1,352
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007 · Cited by 1,276
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- Keith S., 2005, Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13, 224
- Papacharissi Z., 2000, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 27, 409
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–113 of 113
The Internet Addiction among Youth in Tertiary Education
Zamzuri, N. H., Kassim, E. S., Shahrom, M., Humaidi, N., & Khalid, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i9/11027 · Cited by 1
“According to Leung (2014), the explored six factors of internet gratification are namely entertainment, status-gaining, experiencing opinions, identity experimentation, information seeking and passing time among 718 youths aged 18 to 25 years old.”
Backgroundمصطفي, أ. ك. ع. (2023) · Maǧallaẗ Al-H̲idmaẗ Al-Iǧtimāʿiyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/egjsw.2023.191146.1160
الوكيل, ش. ع. ا. (2023) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/jealex.2023.332095
الحلفاوي, و. س., نجمي, ع. ح., & زكي, م. ز. ت. (2022) · Journal of King Abdulaziz University Educational and Psychological Sciences · doi:10.4197/edu.1-2.2
Galactostack: A 3-In-1 Stack Game for Tackling Social Media Addiction in Children Post-pandemic
Mudlapur, V., & Kumar, T. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1329-5_40
MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION
Hidayat, D. R., Wulandari, A., Yulianti, I. D., Febriyanti, K., Fahroni, N. A., & Maulida, S. A. (2024) · EDUCATIONE · doi:10.59397/edu.v2i2.27
“Social media can upload photos or videos, reveal personal, create communities and so on (Leung, 2014).”
BackgroundBEHAVIORAL ANTECEDENTS OF NOMOPHOBIA: INSIGHTS FROM A STUDY ON SMARTPHONE USERS IN TURKEY
Can, D., & Özen, Ü. (2024) · Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.030
Digital Technologies and the Future of Financial Infrastructure
Westermeier, C., Campbell-Verduyn, M., & Brandl, B. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009428118.027
Temur, C. S., Dinç, A., Köroğlu, Y., & Karakilic, M. (2025) · International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences · doi:10.70736/ijoess.1763
“This issue is of particular critical importance for teachers, whose professional roles depend to a considerable extent on social interaction and complex decision-making processes (Leung, 2014; Teng et al., 2020).”
Jihad, A. N., & Al-Doory, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities · doi:10.25130/jtuh.32.3.2.2025.18
Oelker, A., Müller, A., Steins‐Loeber, S., Brand, M., & Müller, S. M. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01653-z
Phubbing and relational evaluation among college students: A longitudinal study
Zhang, R., Guo, X., Yang, N., & Du, C. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2026-2-7
Raj, A., Islam, M. S., Hossain, M. A., Parves, M. M., & Islam, M. R. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00460-1
“The brain’s reward system is activated by the immediate gratification of likes, comments, and shares, reinforcing addictive behaviours [60, 61].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Leung, L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Leung, Louis
- ORCID
- Leung, Louis
- Venue
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 424-439
- ISSN
- 2164-2850 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4346000
- OpenAlex
- W1992498885
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- internet addiction, online risks, adolescents, gratification sought, social media use, online harassment, privacy leakage, Facebook, blogs, instant messaging, risk prediction
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