The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predicting Internet risks: a longitudinal panel study of gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use among children and adolescents
Open accessAbstract
This study used longitudinal panel survey data collected from 417 adolescents at 2 points in time 1 year apart. It examined relationships between Internet risks changes in Time 2 and social media gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use all measured at Time 1. By controlling for age, gender, education, and criterion variable scores in Internet addiction at Time 1, entertainment and instant messaging use at Time 1 significantly predicted increased Internet addiction measured at Time 2. The study also controlled for demographics and scores of criterion variables in Internet risks: targeted for harassment, privacy exposed, and pornographic or violent content consumed in Time 1. Gratifications-sought (including status-gaining, expressing opinions, and identity experimentation), Internet addiction symptoms (including withdrawal and negative life consequences), and social media use (in particular, blogs, and Facebook) significantly predicted Internet risk changes in Time 2. These findings suggest that, with their predictive power, these predictors at Time 1 could be used to identify those adolescents who are likely to develop Internet addiction symptoms and the likelihood of experiencing Internet risks based on their previous gratifications-sought, previous addiction symptoms, and their habits of social media use at Time 1.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Only very recently, the focus has shifted toward younger population groups [22-26].”
From Internet use and access, behavior, cyberbullying, and grooming: Results of an investigative whole city survey of adolescents (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder
YOUNG, K. S. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 · Cited by 5,513 · cited 1×
“Results from past research indicate that Internet use had interfered with participants’ academic work (Iskender & Akin, 2010; Leung & Lee, 2012b) and professional performance or their social lives (Young, 1998b).”
BackgroundUses and Gratifications Research
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/268109 · Cited by 4,012
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826
Livingstone, S. (2008) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444808089415 · Cited by 1,780 · cited 2×
“In light of the fact that different social media activities may bring different opportunities and risks (Livingstone, 2008a), this study limited its scope and examined the relationships between Internet risks and the use of four activities online that children and adolescents often spend most of their time on (i.”
BackgroundPsychological Predictors of Problem Mobile Phone Use
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39 · Cited by 1,514
(1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,425
Causal Analysis with Panel Data
Finkel, S. E. (1995) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412983594 · Cited by 1,369
Parental Mediation of Children's Internet Use
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150802437396 · Cited by 1,352
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007 · Cited by 1,276
Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks for Online Shopping
Miyazaki, A. D., & FERNANDEZ, A. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x · Cited by 1,207
Uses and gratifications of social media: A comparison of Facebook and instant messaging
Quan-Haase, A., & Young, A. L. (2010) · Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467610380009 · Cited by 1,205
Causal Analysis With Panel Data
Finkel, S. E. (2020) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526421036825836 · Cited by 1,080
Caplan, S. E. (2003) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650203257842 · Cited by 1,026
Television uses and gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations
Rubin, A. M. (1983) · Journal of Broadcasting · doi:10.1080/08838158309386471 · Cited by 912 · cited 1×
“information-seeking, entertainment, personal identity, or companionship (Dimmick, Sikand, & Patterson, 1994; Rubin, 1983).”
The Role of Theory in Uses and Gratifications Studies
Blumler, J. G. (1979) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365027900600102 · Cited by 904
Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004 · Cited by 775 · cited 1×
“For decades, previous research on Internet risks indicates that parents and others have been consistently concerned about the potentially harmful influences of exposure to pornographic and violent content (Liau, Khoo, & Ang, 2005; Livingstone & Helsper, 2007; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006; Ybarra et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRitualized and Instrumental Television Viewing
Rubin, A. M. (1984) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02174.x · Cited by 679 · cited 1×
“Adolescents who seek these higherorder instrumental gratifications at Time 1, as compared with the passive or habitual gratifications such as entertainment or fun seeking, escapism, passing time, or browsing websites (Leung, 2007; Rubin, 1984), may be more likely to become targets of harassment for cyberbullies and to…”
BackgroundLivingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2009) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809342697 · Cited by 631
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809341260 · Cited by 552 · cited 1×
“Being described as experiences online that had bothered users or made users feel uncomfortable or upset (Livingstone & Haddon, 2008), some of the Internet risks facing young people may include exposure to pornographic or violent material (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008), being targeted for harassment (Kiriakidis & K…”
BackgroundFactors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents
Lam, L. T., Peng, Z.-W., Mai, J.-C., & Jing, J. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0036 · Cited by 531
Internet Addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996–2006 Quantitative Research
Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J. E., Douglas, A. C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S. O., Lee, S. K., Loutfi, J., Lee, J.-K., Atallah, M., et al. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0102 · Cited by 483 · cited 1×
“Recent research has argued that addiction should be widened to cover a broader range of behaviors (Byun et al., 2009; Griffiths, 1998).”
BackgroundOn the Rapid Rise of Social Networking Sites: New Findings and Policy Implications
Livingstone, S., & Brake, D. R. (2009) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x · Cited by 425
Internet Addiction : Does It Really Exist?
Griffiths, M. D. (1998) · Cited by 417
Leung, L. W. (2009) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809341264 · Cited by 404
Self-citationThe Gratification Niches of Personal E-mail and the Telephone
Dimmick, J. W., Kline, S. L., & Stafford, L. (2000) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365000027002005 · Cited by 394
The Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth
Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0179 · Cited by 329
Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material on the Internet
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205285369 · Cited by 327
Yang, C., & Brown, B. B. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9836-x · Cited by 298
The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks
Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. N. (2012) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444811410406 · Cited by 273
Self-citationGambling on the internet: A brief note
Griffiths, M. D. (1996) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01539190 · Cited by 266
Cyber-Bullying: Creating a Culture of Respect in a Cyber World
Keith, S. J., & Martin, M. E. (2005) · Reclaiming Children and Youth · Cited by 238
Playing MMORPGs: Connections between Addiction and Identifying with a Character
Šmahel, D., Blinka, L., & Ledabyl, O. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0210 · Cited by 225
Leung, L. W., & Lee, P. S. N. (2012) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439311435217 · Cited by 224
Self-citationLivingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2007) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180701657998 · Cited by 207
Hur, M. H. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.514 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“The evidence points to a psychological disorder (Hur, 2006), so researchers probed further and found that participants’ habits met the criteria for impulse control disorder, a mental illness characterized by an uncontrollable desire to perform a behavior.”
BackgroundArmstrong, J. S., & Buchanan, W. (1988) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(88)90018-0 · Cited by 199
Unwillingness-to-communicate and college students’ motives in SMS mobile messaging
Leung, L. W. (2006) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2006.01.002 · Cited by 198 · cited 2×
“Additional gratification items were included which related to the use of short message services, such as mobility, immediacy, affection, relaxation, and fashion or status (Leung, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOnline Communication Preferences across Age, Gender, and Duration of Internet Use
Thayer, S. E., & Ray, S. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.432 · Cited by 193
Kiriakidis, S. P., & Kavoura, A. (2010) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0b013e3181d593e4 · Cited by 183
Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction
İskender, M., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.10.014 · Cited by 178
The Gratifications of the Household Telephone
Dimmick, J. W., Sikand, J., & Patterson, S. J. (1994) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365094021005005 · Cited by 176
Factors Influencing Adolescents Engagement in Risky Internet Behavior
Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P. H. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.513 · Cited by 169
Unwanted online sexual solicitation and risky sexual online behavior across the lifespan
Baumgartner, S. E., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2010.07.005 · Cited by 166
Risky Experiences for Children Online: Charting European Research on Children and the Internet
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00157.x · Cited by 157
First-Person Shooter Games as a Way of Connecting to People: “Brothers in Blood”
Frostling-Henningsson, M. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0345 · Cited by 144
(2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-369425-6.x5017-6 · Cited by 122
Leung, L. W. (2011) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2011.616285 · Cited by 97
Self-citationVrocharidou, A., & Efthymiou, I. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.09.015 · Cited by 68
Brothers in blood, Mike van Graan : book review
Gaylard, R. (2012) · South African Theatre Journal · Cited by 18
In the service of young people? : Studies and reflections on media in the digital age
Carlsson, U., & von Feilitzen, C. (2006) · Cited by 15
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Finkelhor D., 2000, Online victimization: A report on the nation‘s young people.
- Keith S., 2005, Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13, 224
- Papacharissi Z., 2000, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 27, 409
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wong, H. Y., Mo, H. Y., Potenza, M. N., Chan, M. N. M., Lau, W. M., Chui, T. K., Pakpour, A. H., & Lin, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17061879 · Cited by 546
A hybrid SEM-neural network analysis of social media addiction
Leong, L.-Y., Hew, T.-S., Ooi, K., Lee, V., & Hew, J.-J. (2019) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.05.024 · Cited by 279
The Relationship Between Self-Control and Internet Addiction Among Students: A Meta-Analysis
Li, S., Ren, P., Chiu, M. M., Wang, C., & Lei, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735755 · Cited by 180
“The internet has substantially changed over time, especially the increase in social media activities (Leung, 2014).”
BackgroundDhir, A., & Tsai, C. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.08.017 · Cited by 138
Why do we tag photographs on Facebook? Proposing a new gratifications scale
Dhir, A., Chen, G. M., & Chen, S. (2015) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444815611062 · Cited by 123
“On this note, Leung (2014) recommends that utility-driven media use can be used to determine the motivations behind media use.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Leung, L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Leung, Louis
- ORCID
- Leung, Louis
- Venue
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 424-439
- ISSN
- 2164-2850 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4346000
- OpenAlex
- W1992498885
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- internet addiction, online risks, adolescents, gratification sought, social media use, online harassment, privacy leakage, Facebook, blogs, instant messaging, risk prediction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
